The epidemiology of meningococcal meningitis: multicenter, hospital-based surveillance of meningococcal meningitis in Iraq

Alsanouri, Tarek; Mahdi, Sabah; Khader, Ilham Abu; Mahdi, Asaad; Dogu, Alp; Amiche, Amine; Iweir, Sereen; Qader, Mudhafar; Belbaisi, Adel; AlHilfi, Riyad

doi:10.1016/j.ijregi.2021.10.006

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…12 Epidemiological reports on pneumococcal disease prevalence in Iraq have been relatively lacking, although a recent study conducted between June 2018 and May 2020 across 18 major hospitals in Iraq showed that 41.6% of confirmed bacterial meningitis cases were caused by S. pneumoniae. 32 Although the age of the patients ranged between 1 week to 40 years, a majority (83.7%) of these patients were <5 years, with 58.4% being under 1 year of age. The overall annual incidence rate of pneumococcal meningitis in the country was 0.62/100,000 population, with the maximum reported in Karbala (1.56), followed by Karkh (0.65), Al-Rusafa (0.58), Kirkuk (0.3), and Maysan (0.09).…”

Section: Pneumococcal Infection Landscape: Epidemiology and Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…The overall annual incidence rate of pneumococcal meningitis in the country was 0.62/100,000 population, with the maximum reported in Karbala (1.56), followed by Karkh (0.65), Al-Rusafa (0.58), Kirkuk (0.3), and Maysan (0.09). 32 The annual Arba'een pilgrimage may be a major determining factor for the high pneumococcal meningitis incidence in Karbala city. Such dense mass gatherings create a conducive environment for the dissemination of infectious diseases.…”

Section: Pneumococcal Infection Landscape: Epidemiology and Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pneumococcal Disease: Global Disease Prevention Strategies with a Focus on the Challenges in Iraq

Al-Jumaili¹,

Dawood²,

Ikram³

et al. 2023

IJGM

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Pneumococcal disease is a global public health concern that significantly contributes to clinical disease burden and economic burden. Patients frequently afflicted are young children and older adults, as well as the immunocompromised population. Immunization is the most effective public health strategy to combat pneumococcal disease and several vaccine formulations have been developed in this regard. Although vaccines have had a significant global impact in reducing pneumococcal disease, there are several barriers to its success in Iraq. The war and conflict situation, increasing economic crises and poverty, poor vaccine accessibility in the public sector, and high vaccine costs are a few of the major obstacles that impede a successful immunization program. The last reported third dose pneumococcal conjugate vaccine coverage for Iraq was 37% in 2019, which is expected to reduce even further owing to the COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, strategies and policies to improve pneumococcal vaccine availability and coverage need to be strengthened to achieve maximum benefits of immunization. In the current review, we provide an overview of the existing knowledge on pneumococcal disease-prevention strategies across the globe. The main aim of this manuscript is to discuss the current status and challenges of pneumococcal vaccination in Iraq as well as the strategies to prevent pneumococcal infections.

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Section: Pneumococcal Infection Landscape: Epidemiology and Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Pneumococcal Infection Landscape: Epidemiology and Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pneumococcal Disease: Global Disease Prevention Strategies with a Focus on the Challenges in Iraq

Al-Jumaili¹,

Dawood²,

Ikram³

et al. 2023

IJGM

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Between June 2018 and May 2020, 41.6% of patients were confirmed to have pneumococcal meningitis in Iraq based on cerebrospinal fluid samples. 88 The age of patients ranged from 1 to 40 years, with a majority (83.7%) being under 5 years and 58.4% being less than a year old. The overall annual incidence rate (IR) of laboratory-confirmed pneumococcal meningitis in Iraq was 0.62/100,000, with a maximum IR of 1.56 in Karbala (site of Arba'een pilgrimage), 0.65 in Karkh, 0.58 in Al-Rusafa, 0.3 in Kirkuk, and a minimum of 0.09 in Maysan.…”

Section: S Pneumoniae Serotypesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging pneumococcal serotypes in Iraq: scope for improved vaccine development

Dawood

Al-Jumaili²,

Radhi³

et al. 2023

F1000Res

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Pneumococcal disease is a global public health concern as it affects the young, aged and the immunocompromised. The development of pneumococcal vaccines and their incorporation in the immunization programs has helped to reduce the global burden of disease. However, serotype replacement and the emergence of non-vaccine serotypes as well as the persistence of a few vaccine serotypes underscores the need for development of new and effective vaccines against such pneumococcal serotypes. In the Middle East, places of religious mass gatherings are a hotspot for disease transmission in addition to the global risk factors. Therefore, the periodic surveillance of pneumococcal serotypes circulating in the region to determine the effectiveness of existing prevention strategies and develop improved vaccines is warranted. Currently, there is a lack of serotype prevalence data for Iraq due to inadequate surveillance in the region. Thus, this review aims to determine the pneumococcal serotypes circulating in Iraq by drawing inferences from the global pneumococcal serotype prevalence data as well as recently published literature from neighboring countries to refine existing vaccination strategies and help in the development and introduction of improved pneumococcal vaccines in the country.

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“…Between June 2018 and May 2020, 41.6% of patients were confirmed to have pneumococcal meningitis in Iraq based on cerebrospinal fluid samples. 89 The age of patients ranged from 1 to 40 years, with a majority (83.7%) being under 5 years and 58.4% being less than a year old. The overall annual incidence rate (IR) of laboratory-confirmed pneumococcal meningitis in Iraq was 0.62/100,000, with a maximum IR of 1.56 in Karbala (site of Arba'een pilgrimage), 0.65 in Karkh, 0.58 in Al-Rusafa, 0.3 in Kirkuk, and a minimum of 0.09 in Maysan.…”

Section: Revised Amendments From Versionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging pneumococcal serotypes in Iraq: scope for improved vaccine development

Dawood,

Al-Jumaili,

Radhi

et al. 2023

F1000Res

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Pneumococcal disease is a global public health concern as it affects the young, aged and the immunocompromised. The development of pneumococcal vaccines and their incorporation in the immunization programs has helped to reduce the global burden of disease. However, serotype replacement and the emergence of non-vaccine serotypes as well as the persistence of a few vaccine serotypes underscores the need for development of new and effective vaccines against such pneumococcal serotypes. In the Middle East, places of religious mass gatherings are a hotspot for disease transmission in addition to the global risk factors. Therefore, the periodic surveillance of pneumococcal serotypes circulating in the region to determine the effectiveness of existing prevention strategies and develop improved vaccines is warranted. Currently, there is a lack of serotype prevalence data for Iraq due to inadequate surveillance in the region. Thus, this review aims to determine the pneumococcal serotypes circulating in Iraq which may help in the development and introduction of improved pneumococcal vaccines in the country.

show abstract

The epidemiology of meningococcal meningitis: multicenter, hospital-based surveillance of meningococcal meningitis in Iraq

Cited by 8 publications

References 15 publications

Pneumococcal Disease: Global Disease Prevention Strategies with a Focus on the Challenges in Iraq

Pneumococcal Disease: Global Disease Prevention Strategies with a Focus on the Challenges in Iraq

Emerging pneumococcal serotypes in Iraq: scope for improved vaccine development

Emerging pneumococcal serotypes in Iraq: scope for improved vaccine development

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