The Equine Herpesviruses

O’Callaghan, Dennis J.; Gentry, Glenn A.; Randall, Charles C.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-7012-3_5

Cited by 79 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 154 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Neuronal tissues, including the trigeminal ganglion and the brain, are only rarely infected by the agent. Neurological symptoms after infection of equines with certain EHV-1 strains are caused by infection of endothelial cells and subsequent hypoxia and neuronal degradation and are consistent with myeloencephalopathy and not myeloencephalitis (40,62).Herpesviridae enter target cells by fusion of the viral envelope with the plasma membrane at neutral pH after attachment of virions to cell surface glycosaminoglycans (47,51). Glycoproteins are crucially involved in these early stages of infection, and 11 glycoproteins in the prototype member of the Alphaherpesvirinae subfamily, Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), have been identified.…”

mentioning

confidence: 95%

Potential of Equine Herpesvirus 1 as a Vector for Immunization

Trapp

Einem

Hofmann

et al. 2005

J Virol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Key problems using viral vectors for vaccination and gene therapy are antivector immunity, low transduction efficiencies, acute toxicity, and limited capacity to package foreign genetic information. It could be demonstrated that animal and human cells were efficiently transduced with equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) reconstituted from viral DNA maintained and manipulated in Escherichia coli. Between 13 and 23% of primary human CD3 ؉ , CD4 ؉ , CD8 ؉ , CD11b ؉ , and CD19 ؉ cells and more than 70% of CD4 ؉ MT4 cells or various human tumor cell lines (MeWo, Huh7, HeLa, 293T, or H1299) could be transduced with one infectious unit of EHV-1 per cell. After intranasal instillation of EHV-1 into mice, efficient transgene expression in lungs was detectable. Successful immunization using EHV-1 was shown after delivery of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Pr55 gag precursor by the induction of a Gag-specific CD8 ؉ immune response in mice. Because EHV-1 was not neutralized by human sera containing high titers of antibodies directed against human herpesviruses 1 to 5, it is concluded that this animal herpesvirus has enormous potential as a vaccine vector, because it is able to efficiently transduce a variety of animal and human cells, has high DNA packaging capacity, and can conveniently be maintained and manipulated in prokaryotic cells.Equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1), an alphaherpesvirus, causes infections in equines. Usually the disease induced by the virus is mild, and approximately 90% of equines worldwide harbor the agent, whose persistence in animals is lifelong. One of the peculiarities of EHV-1 is its tropism for blood mononuclear cells, which are the primary site for establishment of EHV-1 latency. Neuronal tissues, including the trigeminal ganglion and the brain, are only rarely infected by the agent. Neurological symptoms after infection of equines with certain EHV-1 strains are caused by infection of endothelial cells and subsequent hypoxia and neuronal degradation and are consistent with myeloencephalopathy and not myeloencephalitis (40,62).Herpesviridae enter target cells by fusion of the viral envelope with the plasma membrane at neutral pH after attachment of virions to cell surface glycosaminoglycans (47,51). Glycoproteins are crucially involved in these early stages of infection, and 11 glycoproteins in the prototype member of the Alphaherpesvirinae subfamily, Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), have been identified. The herpesvirus glycoproteins involved in attachment, receptor binding, and fusion (i.e., gB, gC, gD, and the gH-gL complex) also appear to largely determine the mostly very restricted host tropism of Alphaherpesvirinae, i.e., the inability of animal viruses to naturally infect species other than those they have coevolved with (23). While the first contact and heparin-sensitive attachment of the studied alphaherpesviruses, including EHV-1, is mainly mediated by gC, receptor binding of HSV-1, pseudorabies virus, and bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) is via interaction of gD with cellular receptors th...

show abstract

mentioning

confidence: 95%

Potential of Equine Herpesvirus 1 as a Vector for Immunization

Trapp

Einem

Hofmann

et al. 2005

J Virol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Among the former only two types have demonstrated pathogenicity in susceptible horses. Equid herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1), a member of the Alphaherpesvirinae, has been isolated and characterised from respiratory and abortion cases and neurological disorders [11,24,33,36,41]. Another member of the Alphaherpesvirinae, Equid herpesvirus 4 (EHV-4) has been linked with respiratory cases but not abortion [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Equine herpesvirus infections in yearlings in South-East Queensland

et al. 2008

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

SummaryTwelve nasal swabs were collected from yearling horses with respiratory distress and tested for Equid herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) and Equid herpesvirus 4 (EHV-4) by realtime PCR targeting the glycoprotein B gene. All samples were negative for EHV-1; however 3 were positive for EHV-4. When these samples were tested for EHV-2 and EHV-5 by PCR all samples were negative for EHV-2 and 11 were positive for EHV-5. All three samples that were positive for EHV-4 were also positive for EHV-5.These three samples gave a limited CPE in ED cells reminiscent of EHV-4 CPE.EHV-4 CPE was obvious after 3 days and was characterised by syncytia. None of the samples produced cytopathic effect (CPE) on African green monkey kidney (Vero) cells or hamster kidney (BSR) cells. Four of the samples, which were positive in the EHV-5 PCR, produced CPE on rabbit kidney (RK13) cells and equine dermis (ED) cells. EHV-5 CPE on both cell lines was slow and was apparent after four 7-day passages. On RK13 cells the CPE was characteristic of equid herpesvirus with the formation of syncytia. However in ED cells, the CPE was characterised by ringshaped syncytia.For the first time a case of equine respiratory disease involving dual infection with EHV-4 and EHV-5 has been reported in Queensland. This was shown by simultaneously isolating EHV-4 and EHV-5 from clinical samples. EHV5 was recovered from all samples except one, suggesting that EHV5 was more prevalent in young horses than EHV2.

show abstract

“…The structure of the EHV-1 genome clearly defines this virus as a member of the ~-herpesvirus group (Turtinen et al, 1981 ;Studdert, 1983;O'Callaghan et al, 1983;Studdert et al, 1986;Allen et al, 1985) and the shedding of virus upon administration of corticosteroid or a variety of noxious stimuli (Edington et al, 1985) suggests that the virus establishes latency in the host in a manner analogous to that shown to occur for herpes simplex virus (HSV) or varicella-zoster in man, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis in cattle or pseudorabies in the pig. However, EHV-1 possesses several features that distinguish it from these classical ~-herpesviruses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Pathogenesis of Equine Herpesvirus Type 1 in the Mouse: A New Model for Studying Host Responses to the Infection

Awan

Chong

Field

1990

Journal of General Virology

113

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

An infection was established in adult BALB/c mice by means of intranasal inoculation of the AB4 strain of equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1). The acute infection was confined to the respiratory tract and blood. Virus was shown to replicate in the nasal mucosa, trachea and lung for several days producing clinical signs of disease. Viraemia was also detected and a small proportion of peripheral blood cells contained virus at the peak of the infection. Histological and electron microscopic evidence were obtained which proved that productive virus replication occurred in the ciliated epithelial cells lining the bronchi and in pneumocytes in the lung, resulting in the destruction of these cells. Both humoral and cell-mediated responses to the infection were detected and monitored. By means of immunoprophylaxis or chemotherapy it was possible to modify the course of the infection. This infection model has many striking features in common with that observed in the natural host and the observations suggest that the mouse is a convenient and relevant model in which to study both host responses to EHV-1 infection and modification of the pathogenesis by means of immunoprophylaxis or therapy.

show abstract

The Equine Herpesviruses

Cited by 79 publications

References 154 publications

Potential of Equine Herpesvirus 1 as a Vector for Immunization

Potential of Equine Herpesvirus 1 as a Vector for Immunization

Equine herpesvirus infections in yearlings in South-East Queensland

The Pathogenesis of Equine Herpesvirus Type 1 in the Mouse: A New Model for Studying Host Responses to the Infection

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About