The ERG responses to light stimuli of melanopsin-expressing retinal ganglion cells that are independent of rods and cones

Fukuda, Yumi; Tsujimura, Sei-ichi; Higuchi, Shigekazu; Yasukouchi, Akira; Morita, Takeshi

doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2010.05.080

Cited by 16 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The luminance output of each LED was controlled by both pulse-width modulation units and an embedded controller (H8/3052, Renesas Technology, Tokyo, Japan). A detailed description of the illumination system has previously been published [9,11]. …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Excitation was expressed as stimulus levels to each photoreceptor [11]. The 10-deg cone fundamentals [23,24] and spectral radiance of the light stimuli were used to calculate the excitation of cones sensitive to long (L), middle (M) and short (S) wavelengths.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a prior study, we investigated responses to light stimuli with the four-primary illumination system [9,10], which modulates stimulus levels to the mRGC and cones independently, and responses to contrasts, which were stimulus levels of the mRGCs to background, were recorded in the electroretinogram (ERG) [11]. The ERG response to mRGC stimulation rose linearly with the contrast of the stimulus.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Distinct responses of cones and melanopsin-expressing retinal ganglion cells in the human electroretinogram

Fukuda

Higuchi

Yasukouchi

et al. 2012

J Physiol Anthropol

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BackgroundThe discovery of the novel photoreceptor, melanopsin-expressing retinal ganglion cells (mRGCs), has raised researchers’ interest in photoreceptive tasks performed by the mRGC, especially in non-image-forming visual functions. In a prior study, we investigated the mRGC response to light stimuli independent of rods and cones with the four-primary illumination system, which modulates stimulus levels to the mRGC and cones independently, and mRGC baseline responses were recorded in the electroretinogram (ERG).MethodsIn the present study, we used the same illumination system to compare independent responses of the mRGC and cones in five subjects (mean ± SD age, 23.0 ± 1.7 years). The ERG waveforms were examined as direct measurements of responses of the mRGCs and cones to stimulation (250 msec). Implicit times (the time taken to peaks) and peak values from 30 stimuli given to each subject were analyzed.ResultsTwo distinct positive peaks appeared in the mRGC response, approximately 80 msec after the onset of the stimuli and 30 msec after their offset, while no such peaks appeared in the cone response. The response to the mRGC stimulus was significantly higher than that to the cone stimulus at approximately 80 msec (P < 0.05) and tended to be higher than the cone stimulus at approximately 280 msec (P = 0.08).ConclusionsImplicit time of the first peak was much longer than that to the b-wave and this delay might reflect mRGC’s sluggish responses. This is the first report of amplitudes and implicit time in the ERG from the response of the mRGC that is independent of rods and cones, and obtained using the four-primary illumination system.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Distinct responses of cones and melanopsin-expressing retinal ganglion cells in the human electroretinogram

Fukuda

Higuchi

Yasukouchi

et al. 2012

J Physiol Anthropol

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“…In order to study the photoreceptor inputs to the circadian system in humans (three cone classes, rods, and melanopsin), at least five independent light sources are necessary. Although silent substitution has not to our knowledge been employed to study human circadian biology, it has been successfully employed to study the role of melanopsin, as well as the interactions between melanopsin and the cones (Barrionuevo and Cao, 2016; Cao et al, 2015; Fukuda et al, 2010; Spitschan et al., 2014; Tsujimura and Tokuda, 2011; Viénot et al, 2010), and may be a useful method to probe the photoreceptor mechanisms in the human NIF visual system.…”

Section: Future Directions To Study Color Sensitivity In Human Nifmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chromatic clocks: Color opponency in non-image-forming visual function

Spitschan

Lucas

Brown

2017

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

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During dusk and dawn, the ambient illumination undergoes drastic changes in irradiance (or intensity) and spectrum (or color). While the former is a well-studied factor in synchronizing behavior and physiology to the earth’s 24-h rotation, color sensitivity in the regulation of circadian rhythms has not been systematically studied. Drawing on the concept of color opponency, a well-known property of image-forming vision in many vertebrates (including humans), we consider how the spectral shifts during twilight are encoded by a color-opponent sensory system for non-image-forming (NIF) visual functions, including phase shifting and melatonin suppression. We review electrophysiological evidence for color sensitivity in the pineal/parietal organs of fish, amphibians and reptiles, color coding in neurons in the circadian pacemaker in mice as well as sporadic evidence for color sensitivity in NIF visual functions in birds and mammals. Together, these studies suggest that color opponency may be an important modulator of light-driven physiological and behavioral responses.

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“…Another peculiarity is the differential effects of ocular hypertension and ONC on subtypes of RGC. Subtypes of RGC have demonstrated substantial resilience or susceptibility to ocular injury (Li et al, 2006, Zhang et al, 2013, Duan et al, 2015) and dysfunction(Chen et al, 2015) whereas subtypes of RGC such as melanopsin + respond uniquely to ERG light stimuli(Fukuda et al, 2010). If pSTR does not represents all RGC subtypes such as seen with phenotypic markers, ERG readouts are at risk of grossly under or overestimating the retinal function.…”

Section: Functional Assessmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating retinal ganglion cell loss and dysfunction

Mead

Tomarev

2016

Experimental Eye Research

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Retinal ganglion cells (RGC) bear the sole responsibility of propagating visual stimuli to the brain. Their axons, which make up the optic nerve, project from the retina to the brain through the lamina cribrosa and in rodents, decussate almost entirely at the optic chiasm before synapsing at the superior colliculus. For many traumatic and degenerative ocular conditions, the dysfunction and/or loss of RGC is the primary determinant of visual loss and are the measurable endpoints in current research into experimental therapies. To actually measure these endpoints in rodent models, techniques must ascertain both the quantity of surviving RGC and their functional capacity. Quantification techniques include phenotypic markers of RGC, retrogradely transported fluorophores and morphological measurements of retinal thickness whereas functional assessments include electroretinography (flash and pattern) and visual evoked potential. The importance of the accuracy and reliability of these techniques cannot be understated, nor can the relationship between RGC death and dysfunction. The existence of up to 30 types of RGC complicates the measuring process, particularly as these may respond differently to disease and treatment. Since the above techniques may selectively identify and ignore particular subpopulations, their appropriateness as measures of RGC survival and function may be further limited. This review discusses the above techniques in the context of their subtype specificity.

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The ERG responses to light stimuli of melanopsin-expressing retinal ganglion cells that are independent of rods and cones

Cited by 16 publications

References 20 publications

Distinct responses of cones and melanopsin-expressing retinal ganglion cells in the human electroretinogram

Distinct responses of cones and melanopsin-expressing retinal ganglion cells in the human electroretinogram

Chromatic clocks: Color opponency in non-image-forming visual function

Evaluating retinal ganglion cell loss and dysfunction

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