The Essence and Origin of the Magnetic Constant

Butto, Nader

doi:10.4236/jhepgc.2020.64045

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…In a previous study [37], we demonstrated that the electric permittivity constant represents the elasticity of the vacuum, which exhibits the value of 8.87337441 × 10 −12 kgcm/s 2 cm 3 or 8.87337441 × 10 −10 kgm/s 2 m 2 ; thus, the photon density can be calculated as follows: where c 2 = 9 × 10 16 m 2 /s 2 , which is the same value of the vacuum density [38].…”

Section: The Rest Mass and Density Of Photonmentioning

confidence: 87%

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A New Theory of the Essence and Mass of Photon

Butto¹

2022

JHEPGC

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Many properties of a single photon, such as density, rest mass, and orbital angular momentum, are still unknown. In a previous study, the photon was presented as a superfluid prolate spheroid structure, with a long-axis radius, short-axis radius, and volume, embodied with two spins-transversal and longitudinal-which are responsible for the three-dimensional helical trajectory of the electromagnetic wave. In this study, the rest mass, density, and energy of photon are mathematically derived, and the relationship between the radius of photon and its frequency is demonstrated. In addition, the difference between the Compton and de Broglie wavelengths is clarified. The calculated density, volume, and rest mass of photon agree with previous experimental results. The photon's simultaneous longitudinal and transversal spins are moving forces of longitudinal and transversal trajectories, which are the origin of the three-dimensional helix shape of the electromagnetic field. A new mechanism for the photon movement is proposed, and the reason for the zero mass moving photon is revealed; a traveling photon in space exhibits zero mass because its boundaries demonstrate zero relative velocity with the surrounding vacuum. The orbital angular momentum of photon is described using similar macroscopic rotation concepts and applying hydrodynamics laws. A rotating photon is endowed with an angular velocity vector whose magnitude measures the speed with which the radius of the principal axis sweeps an angle, and whose direction indicates the principal axis of rotation and is given by the right-hand rule. The deviation angle is calculated using trigonometric functions, and the origin of the Lorenz factor is revealed.

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Section: The Rest Mass and Density Of Photonmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…where ρ v denotes the vacuum density, u denotes the angular velocity, and λ denotes the vortex perimeter [38].…”

Section: N Buttomentioning

confidence: 99%

A New Theory of the Essence and Mass of Photon

Butto¹

2022

JHEPGC

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“…with 𝞺 resistivity of copper is 1.68 × 10 -8 ohm-m, μ0 magnetic permeability of vacuum is 12.57×10 -7 H/m [36], [37]. If the values of those constants are used and the frequency of the RF is 77.77 MHz, then it is obtained that: The resistance calculation in the dee and the stem.…”

Section: The Second Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Calculation methods of RF power requirement on an RF dee cavity of cyclotron

Silakhuddin

Darmawan

Dwiatmaja

et al. 2023

IJPEDS

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A calculation of the radio frequency radiofrequency (RF) power required to operate the RF dee cavity of cyclotron which of the two dee is in phase has been carried. In this calculation, the object is the RF dee cavity of the DECY-13 cyclotron which operates with an RF frequency of 77.77 MHz and a peak RF dee voltage of 40 kV. The power requirement was determined by calculating the dissipated power in the RF dee that was calculated by two methods. The first method using a relationship between the quality factor and lost power has resulted in the power requirement of 20.55 kW. The second method using a relationship between the electrical current and the lost power has resulted in the power requirement of 19.74 kW. The two results do not seem to have any significant difference. By these calculations, it can be determined the predicted power requirement for operating the RF dee of DECY-13 cyclotron was around 20 kW.

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“…In a previous study [20], the vacuum density was discussed in detail. The best estimate of the cosmological density was between 9.75839983 × 10 −27 and (11.11 ±1.05) × 10 −27 kg/m 3 .…”

Section: N Buttomentioning

confidence: 99%

A New Theory for the Essence and Structure of the Photon

Butto¹

2022

JHEPGC

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A photon is the smallest discrete amount or quantum of electromagnetic radiation, and it is the basic unit of light. It exhibits no shape, "point particle," according to the standard model of particle physics, meaning that a photon interacts as if it is entirely located at a single point in space and does not spread out to fill a three-dimensional volume. In this study, a new theory, in which the photon demonstrates a structure and shape, is proposed based on the perturbed quantum superfluid field (vacuum) in the photon epoch during the first seconds of the Big Bang. Photons are the nonlinear manifestation of Kelvin-Helmholtz instability that induces the formation of elliptical vortices, known as Kida vortices, which are converted to a three-dimensional spheroidal structure that remains unchanged in time and rotates with uniform angular velocity due to Coriolis force. Using hydrodynamics laws and applying them to a superfluid vacuum, the basic properties of the photon are described. Moreover, this study provides mathematical models to calculate the kinetic energy, radius, volume, charge, and particle-wave duality of photon. To confirm the proposed theory, the mathematical formulations are presented. We conclude that the photon shape is accessible to human imagination; knowing this shape helps determine photon properties and sheds light on how matter is made as well as explains the interactions of subatomic particles.

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The Essence and Origin of the Magnetic Constant

Cited by 7 publications

References 17 publications

A New Theory of the Essence and Mass of Photon

A New Theory of the Essence and Mass of Photon

Calculation methods of RF power requirement on an RF dee cavity of cyclotron

A New Theory for the Essence and Structure of the Photon

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