“…Evidence shows that VR provides simulated real-life experiences hardly accessible in traditional classroom settings, which could boost learner autonomy and engagement and reduce learning anxiety ( Yeh and Lan, 2018 ; Parmaxi, 2020 ). The application of VR tools facilitates the acquisition of various language skills, such as vocabulary ( Madini and Alshaikhi, 2017 ; Legault et al, 2019 ; Alfadil, 2020 ), speaking ( Xie et al, 2019 ), writing ( Lan et al, 2019 ), listening ( Lan et al, 2018a , b ), as well as cultural competence ( Zheng et al, 2017 ; Chen, 2018 ). Moreover, teachers and learners in general report positive experience while using VR in language teaching and learning ( Kaplan-Rakowski and Wojdynski, 2018 ; Wen, 2021 ).…”