“…Various material models, including Cowper-Symonds flow stress [7,15] and bilinear kinematic hardening [5] models, have been implemented in the CWR process modeling. The maximum effective plastic strain [6], the first principal stress [9], the dimensionless crushing parameter [15], and Cockcroft, Cockcroft-Latham, Brozzo, and Oyane models [16] were previously investigated as the failure/fracture criteria. The microstructural variations of work piece during the CWR were analyzed using a thermo-mechanical simulator [14,17,18].…”