The estimation of mortality due to rotavirus infections in sub-Saharan Africa

Mølbak, Kåre; Fischer, T K; Mikkelsen, Carsten Sauer

doi:10.1016/s0264-410x(00)00199-7

Cited by 48 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…2 Among these causative agents of diarrhea, viral diarrhea is associated with severe disease and hospitalization 3 and is one of the major causes of mortality in children in sub-Saharan Africa. 4 The viral agents that cause diarrhea in humans include rotaviruses, astroviruses, human caliciviruses and the enteric adenovirus. 5 Rotavirus has long been acknowledged to be a major etiological agent of gastroenteritis and responsible for a large proportion of morbidity and mortality associated with diarrheal illnesses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…6 Recent estimates generated by Parashar and colleagues 7 attribute 527 000 deaths in children less than five years of age to rotavirus annually, with 145 000 occurring in sub-Saharan Africa. 4 This is likely to be under-estimation because only hospital-based studies have been considered. In Nigeria, a high incidence of childhood diarrhea is estimated to account for over 160 000 of all deaths in children less than 5 years of age annually and of this number approximately 20% are associated with rotavirus infection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These antigens are responsible for conferring immunity and hence are a target for vaccine development. Although 15 different G serotypes and 27 P genotypes [8][9][10][11] have been detected in humans, serotypes G1P [8], G2P [4], G3P [8], G4P [8] and G9P [8] are thought to be important causes of diarrhea in infants and young children worldwide. 12 The human astroviruses have been identified as one of the most frequent causes of infantile gastroenteritis, second in incidence only to rotavirus.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Epidemiology of rotavirus and astrovirus infections in children in Northwestern Nigeria

et al. 2008

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Background: Recent estimates attribute 527 000 deaths in children less than five years of age to rotavirus diarrhea annually, with 145 000 occurring in sub-Saharan Africa. Human astroviruses have been identified as one of the most frequent causes of infantile diarrhea, second in incidence only to rotavirus. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of rotavirus and astrovirus and also to establish the circulating strains of rotavirus in a community in Nigeria where most diarrheic patients do not visit clinics or health care centers. Methods: A total of 154 stool samples (134 diarrheic and 20 non-diarrheic) were collected from infants and young children less than 5 years of age from January-March 2002. Samples were obtained by house-to-house visit in randomly selected districts in Zaria, Northwestern Nigeria. The samples were screened for rotavirus and astrovirus antigens using commercially available Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) kits. All positive group A rotavirus samples were further subjected to VP6 sub-group ELISA, Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) to determine their RNA electropherotypes and Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to determine their VP7 and VP4 genotypes. Results: Rotavirus and astrovirus antigens were detected in 9% (12) and 5% (7) of the 134 diarrheic stool samples respectively. No viral antigen was detected in the non-diarrheic stools. Rotavirus infection was more common in younger children than astrovirus infection. VP6 sub-group II specificity (58.3%), long RNA electropherotypes (41.6%), VP7 genotype G1 (33.3%) and VP4 genotype P [6] (33.3%) were the most common strains in circulation at that time in the community. Of significance is the fact that a large proportion of the rotavirus strains in circulation could not be assigned either a VP6 subgroup or RNA electrophoretic pattern probably as a result of low viral load. Conclusion: In this community-based study, rotavirus and astrovirus were significantly associated with diarrhea. However, the prevalence of rotavirus infection among children appears to be low while that of astrovirus falls in the range seen in hospital-based studies around the continent. Rotavirus, astrovirus, diarrhoea, children, community, Nigeria Résume Contexte: Des estimations récentes attribuent 527 000 décès annuels d'enfants de moins de 5 ans à la diarrhée par rotavirus, parmi lesquels 145 000 surviennent en Afrique Sub Saharienne. Les astrovirus humains ont été identifiés comme l'une des causes les plus fréquentes de diarrhée infantile, en second lieu viennent les atrovirus. Cette étude a été menée pour déterminer la prévalence des rotavirus et astrovirus et établir les souches circulantes de rotavirus dans une population du Nigéria ou la plupart des patients diarrhéiques ne consultent pas en clinique ni les centres de santé. Key words: Epidemiology of Rotavirus and Astrovirus infection in Nigerian children. Aminu M. et al. Page | 169Méthode: Un total de 154 échantillons de selles (134 diarrhéiques et 20...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Epidemiology of rotavirus and astrovirus infections in children in Northwestern Nigeria

et al. 2008

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“…An estimated 110,000 to 150,000 children younger than 5 years of age die annually on the African continent due to RV infection (33,37). The high burden of rotaviral disease worldwide (37) has promoted the development of an effective vaccine for the control of severe RV-associated disease (6,19).…”

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confidence: 99%

Molecular Epidemiology of Group A Rotaviruses in Water Sources and Selected Raw Vegetables in Southern Africa

Zyl

Page

Grabow

et al. 2006

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Group A rotaviruses (RVs) are the most important cause of acute viral gastroenteritis in infants and young children. In this study raw and treated drinking water supplies at plants in two geographic areas, as well as selected irrigation water and corresponding raw vegetables in three regions of southern Africa, were screened for the presence of RVs using molecular techniques. Group A RVs were detected in 11.8% of partially treated and 1.7% of finally treated drinking water samples and in 14% of irrigation water samples and 1.7% of corresponding raw vegetable samples. Type-specific reverse transcriptase-PCR and sequence analysis revealed the presence of multiple types (G1, G2, G8, and G9) in irrigation water and single types (G1 or G3) in raw and treated drinking water. Group A RVs detected in all samples consisted of mixed P types (P

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“…Most of these deaths occur in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia (16,18). Because of this high burden of disease and mortality, rotavirus vaccines remain a priority for the World Health Organization and other public-sector organizations, such as the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization.…”

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confidence: 99%

Detection of an Unusual Human Rotavirus Strain with G5P[8] Specificity in a Cameroonian Child with Diarrhea

et al. 2004

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Rotavirus strains detected as part of ongoing strain surveillance in Cameroon, and whose first-round reverse transcription-PCR product could not be genotyped by using conventional genotyping primers, were subjected to sequence analysis for strain characterization. We detected for the first time in Africa a human rotavirus with G5 specificity. The Cameroonian G5 strain had a short electrophoretic pattern and was of VP6 subgroup I specificity and a VP4 P[8] type. The VP7 gene shared a higher nucleic acid and amino acid homology with the porcine G5 strain CC117 (90 and 96%, respectively) than with human G5 strain IAL-28 (86 and 92%, respectively). Phylogenetic analysis showed Cameroonian strain MRC3105 clustered together in the same lineage as two other reported porcine G5 strains. The Cameroonian G5 strain, the first to be reported in humans outside of Latin America, may be a natural reassortant between animal and human rotavirus strains.

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The estimation of mortality due to rotavirus infections in sub-Saharan Africa

Cited by 48 publications

References 6 publications

Epidemiology of rotavirus and astrovirus infections in children in Northwestern Nigeria

Epidemiology of rotavirus and astrovirus infections in children in Northwestern Nigeria

Molecular Epidemiology of Group A Rotaviruses in Water Sources and Selected Raw Vegetables in Southern Africa

Detection of an Unusual Human Rotavirus Strain with G5P[8] Specificity in a Cameroonian Child with Diarrhea

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