The Ethical Knob: ethically-customisable automated vehicles and the law

Contissa, Giuseppe; Lagioia, Francesca; Sartor, Giovanni

doi:10.1007/s10506-017-9211-z

Cited by 96 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…In this way, the AI in self-driving cars would be entrusted with implementing users’ ethical choices, while manufacturers/programmers would be tasked with enabling the user’s choice 42. Similarly, an AI in healthcare can be provided guidance as to the moral wishes of the patient—for example, does the patient want to maximise length of life or the quality of life?…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Medicine and the rise of the robots: a qualitative review of recent advances of artificial intelligence in health

Loh

2018

leader

125

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Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to significantly transform the role of the doctor and revolutionise the practice of medicine. This qualitative review paper summarises the past 12 months of health research in AI, across different medical specialties, and discusses the current strengths as well as challenges, relating to this emerging technology. Doctors, especially those in leadership roles, need to be aware of how quickly AI is advancing in health, so that they are ready to lead the change required for its adoption by the health system. Key points: ‘AI has now been shown to be as effective as humans in the diagnosis of various medical conditions, and in some cases, more effective.’ When it comes to predicting suicide attempts, recent research suggest AI is better than human beings. ‘AI’s current strength is in its ability to learn from a large dataset and recognise patterns that can be used to diagnose conditions, putting it in direct competition with medical specialties that are involved in diagnostic tests that involve pattern recognition, such as pathology and radiology’. The current challenges in AI include legal liability and attribution of negligence when errors occur, and the ethical issues relating to patient choices. ‘AI systems can also be developed with, or learn, biases, that will need to be identified and mitigated’. As doctors and health leaders, we need to start preparing the profession to be supported by, partnered with, and, in future, potentially be replaced by, AI and advanced robotics systems.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Medicine and the rise of the robots: a qualitative review of recent advances of artificial intelligence in health

Loh

2018

leader

125

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“…Similarly, Giuseppe Contissa and colleagues argue that self‐driving cars should be equipped with an “ethical knob,” so that whoever is currently using the car can set it to their preferred settings. (Contissa, Lagioia, & Sartor, )…”

Section: Part I: What To Do About Unavoidable Crashes?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similarly, Giuseppe Contissa and colleagues argue that self-driving cars should be equipped with an "ethical knob," so that whoever is currently using the car can set it to their preferred settings. (Contissa, Lagioia, & Sartor, 2017) Jan Gogoll and Julian Müller, in contrast, argue that we all have self-interested reasons to want everyone's cars to be programmed according to the same settings. (Gogoll & Müller, 2017) Cars should have whatever ethics settings best promotes our chances of surviving any accidents we might be involved in.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The ethics of crashes with self‐driving cars: A roadmap, I

Nyholm

2018

Philosophy Compass

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Self‐driving cars hold out the promise of being much safer than regular cars. Yet they cannot be 100% safe. Accordingly, they need to be programmed for how to deal with crash scenarios. Should cars be programmed to always prioritize their owners, to minimize harm, or to respond to crashes on the basis of some other type of principle? The article first discusses whether everyone should have the same “ethics settings.” Next, the oft‐made analogy with the trolley problem is examined. Then follows an assessment of recent empirical work on lay‐people's attitudes about crash algorithms relevant to the ethical issue of crash optimization. Finally, the article discusses what traditional ethical theories such as utilitarianism, Kantianism, virtue ethics, and contractualism imply about how cars should handle crash scenarios. The aim of the article is to provide an overview of the existing literature on these topics and to assess how far the discussion has gotten so far.

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“…The variance in used keywords for one topic such as "Autonomous vehicle", "Driverless cars", "Self-driving cars" can be seen also as example of the immaturity of shared terms and undisclosed discussion what terms should be used in specific context. [31,36] Artificial morality 2 [22,58] Autonomous agents 2 [22,71] Autonomous vehicle 2 [72,73] Driverless cars 2 [74,75] friendly AI 2 [29,68] Human rights 2 [20,36] human-robot interaction 2 [54,56] Information technology 2 [76,77] Machine Intelligence 2 [19,76] Moral status 2 [31,70] [30,57] Virtue ethics 2 [46,52] The 37 re-occurring keywords where classified into 9 categories as shown in Table V. Classification of keywords was formed following four step process: 1) Linguistic similarity of keywords, for example similarity in spelling.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Key Concepts of Ethics of Artificial Intelligence

Vakkuri

Abrahamsson

2018

2018 IEEE International Conference on Engineering, Technology and Innovation (ICE/ITMC)

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The growing influence and decision-making capacities of Autonomous systems and Artificial Intelligence in our lives force us to consider the values embedded in these systems. But how ethics should be implemented into these systems? In this study, the solution is seen on philosophical conceptualization as a framework to form practical implementation model for ethics of AI. To take the first steps on conceptualization main concepts used on the field needs to be identified. A keyword based Systematic Mapping Study (SMS) on the keywords used in AI and ethics was conducted to help in identifying, defying and comparing main concepts used in current AI ethics discourse. Out of 1062 papers retrieved SMS discovered 37 re-occurring keywords in 83 academic papers. We suggest that the focus on finding keywords is the first step in guiding and providing direction for future research in the AI ethics field.

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The Ethical Knob: ethically-customisable automated vehicles and the law

Cited by 96 publications

References 10 publications

Medicine and the rise of the robots: a qualitative review of recent advances of artificial intelligence in health

Medicine and the rise of the robots: a qualitative review of recent advances of artificial intelligence in health

The ethics of crashes with self‐driving cars: A roadmap, I

The Key Concepts of Ethics of Artificial Intelligence

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