The etiology of obesity: relative contribution of metabolic factors, diet, and physical activity

Weinsier, Roland L.; Hunter, Gary R.; Heini, A.; Goran, Michael I.; Sell, Susan M.

doi:10.1016/s0002-9343(98)00190-9

Cited by 328 publications

(241 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Epidemiological data show that obesity and overweight are multi-determined chronic health problems resulting from complex interactions between genes and an environment that promotes high-energy intake and lowenergy expenditure, resulting in a positive energy balance (Gunnell et al, 1998;Weinsier et al, 1998;Goran, 2001). In this environment, some individuals are more vulnerable than others to weight gain and developing obesity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in overweight and obesity and changes in the distribution of body mass index in schoolchildren of Jena, East Germany

Kromeyer-Hauschild

Zellner

2006

Eur J Clin Nutr

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Objective: Data of Jena children (Germany) show increases in the prevalence estimates of overweight and obesity between 1975 and 2001. Our objective was to determine if these increases contribute to changes in the distribution of body mass index (BMI) in the entire population of children. The decade 1985-1995, which includes the time of German reunification, is of particular interest because of the significant socio-economic changes in East Germany, in which Jena is located. Design and subjects: The analyses were based on data from four cross-sectional growth studies in 7-to 14-year-old children performed in Jena, Germany, in 1975 (n ¼ 2013), 1985 (n ¼ 1534), 1995 (n ¼ 1906 (n ¼ 1918. Overweight and obesity were estimated by German reference data and the reference of Cole et al. Mean difference plots were used to investigate the changes in the BMI distributions within sexes between the studies. Results: Between 1985 and 1995, the prevalence of overweight and obesity increased significantly in both sexes, whereas nonsignificant changes were found between 1975 and 1985. Although there is a tendency towards increased overweight between 1995 and 2001, the differences were nonsignificant. Comparing data from 1975 and 1985, the mean difference plots showed virtually no changes in the BMI distribution. In the plots comparing the BMI distribution for 1985 data and 1995 data, the whole distribution tended to shift upwards with a greater shift in the upper BMI range. The entire population of children in Jena gained weight during this period of time. This increase may be linked to a transition towards a more Western lifestyle, that is, usually by lower energy expenditure and nutritional transitions, caused by the process of reunification of Germany in 1989. Conclusions: Weight gain appears to be a characteristic feature of the entire population studied and does not seem to be a separate problem of the obese children. This suggests that reported changes in the prevalence may be underestimating the looming public health crisis.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in overweight and obesity and changes in the distribution of body mass index in schoolchildren of Jena, East Germany

Kromeyer-Hauschild

Zellner

2006

Eur J Clin Nutr

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“…As such, a reduced level of habitual physical activity (HPA) is a potentially important contributor to the development of obesity (Ekelund et al 2002;Weinsier et al 1998). Moreover, a low level of HPA is an independent risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes (Hu et al 2003), cardiovascular diseases (Fang et al 2003) and osteoporosis (Neville et al 2002), as well as for mortality (Hu et al 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heritability and genetic etiology of habitual physical activity: a twin study with objective measures

et al. 2014

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Twin studies with objective measurements suggest habitual physical activity (HPA) are modestly to highly heritable, depending on age. We aimed to confirm or refute this finding and identify relevant genetic variants using a candidate gene approach. HPA was measured for 14 days with a validated triaxial accelerometer (Tracmor) in two populations: (1) 28 monozygotic and 24 dizygotic same-sex twin pairs (aged 22 ± 5 years, BMI 21.8 ± 3.4 kg/m 2 , 21 male, 31 female pairs); (2) 52 and 65 unrelated men and women (aged 21 ± 2 years, BMI 22.0 ± 2.5 kg/m 2 ). Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in PPARD, PPARGC1A, NRF1 and MTOR were considered candidates. Association analyses were performed for both groups separately followed by meta-analysis. Structural equation modeling shows significant familiality for HPA, consistent with a role for additive genetic factors (heritability 57 %, 95 % CI 32-74 %, AE model) or common environmental factors (47 %, 95 % CI 23-65 %, CE model). A moderate heritability was observed for the time spent on low-and high-intensity physical activity (P B 0.05), but could not be confirmed for the time spent on moderate-intensity physical activity. For PPARD, each additional effect allele was inversely associated with HPA (P B 0.01; rs2076168 allele C) or tended to be associated with HPA (P B 0.05; rs2267668 allele G). Linkage disequilibrium existed between those two SNPs (alleles A/G and A/C, respectively) and meta-analysis showed that carriers of the AA GC haplotype were less physically active than carriers of the AA AA and AA AC haplotypes combined (P = 0.017). For PPARGC1A, carriers of AA in rs8192678 spent more time on high-intensity physical activity than GG carriers (P = 0.001). No associations were observed with SNPs in NRF1 and MTOR. In conclusion, HPA may be modestly heritable, which is confirmed by an association with variants in PPARD.

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“…10 Consequently, a reduced physical activity is a potentially important risk factor for a positive energy balance that could ultimately result in the onset of obesity. [11][12][13][14][15][16] Previously, an association between body composition and physical activity-related energy expenditure has been shown in men but not in women. 17,18 Westerterp and Goran concluded that the association was probably not observed in women due to an increased energy intake to compensate for a higher degree of physical activity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Body composition is associated with physical activity in daily life as measured using a triaxial accelerometer in both men and women

Hoed

2008

Int J Obes

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Background: Activity-related energy expenditure is the most variable component of total energy expenditure and thus an important determinant of energy balance. Objective: To determine whether body composition is related to physical activity in both men and women. Design: A total of 134 healthy participants were recruited (80 women, 54 men; aged 21 ± 2 years; body mass index, 22.0 ± 2.4). Physical activity was measured for a period of 2 weeks using a triaxial accelerometer for movement registration (Tracmor). Percentage body fat (%BF) was determined by underwater weighing and deuterium dilution according to Siri's threecompartment model. Results: The participant characteristicsFbody mass, height and gender together explained a substantial part of the variation in %BF (R 2 ¼ 0.75, SEE ¼ 4.0%). Adding physical activity to the model increased the explained variation in %BF with 4% (R 2 ¼ 0.79, SEE ¼ 3.7%, Po0.001). Taking seasonality into account by adding the number of daylight hours as an independent variable further increased the explained variation with 1% (R 2 ¼ 0.80, SEE ¼ 3.7%, Po0.05). In analogy, the association was evaluated for both genders separately. In women, %BF and physical activity were significantly associated (Po0.001). In men, %BF was only associated with physical activity when seasonality was taken into account as well (Po0.05). This probably resulted from men participating more in season bound sports, because an association was found without adjusting for seasonality when only men with a consistent year-round participation in sports were considered. Conclusion: Evidence was found for an association between body composition and physical activity in both genders. A consistent year-round degree of physical activity appears to be a prerequisite to reveal the association. Moreover, Tracmorassessed physical activity improves the estimate of %BF when a participant's characteristics are taken into account.

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The etiology of obesity: relative contribution of metabolic factors, diet, and physical activity

Cited by 328 publications

References 41 publications

Trends in overweight and obesity and changes in the distribution of body mass index in schoolchildren of Jena, East Germany

Trends in overweight and obesity and changes in the distribution of body mass index in schoolchildren of Jena, East Germany

Heritability and genetic etiology of habitual physical activity: a twin study with objective measures

Body composition is associated with physical activity in daily life as measured using a triaxial accelerometer in both men and women

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