“…The "European Union exception" in Russian Arctic policy Over the last three decades, EU-Russia (power) relations have fluctuated wildly, defying simple analysis (Forsberg, 2013;Forsberg & Haukkala, 2016;Foxall, 2017, p. 174). The broader evolution and nature of this relation can be roughly divided into three phases (Haukkala, 2015, p. 26): first, a formative phase in the immediate aftermath of the Cold War, characterised by optimism and joint efforts; the second phase, more troublesome but still marked by optimism, between 1994 and 2000, influenced by the Russian economic crash of 1998, NATO's engagement in the wars on the Balkan Peninsula and the EU's negative response to Russian actions in the Chechen wars (Nitoiu, 2016).…”