The European Union as a system of differentiated integration: interdependence, politicization and differentiation

Schimmelfennig, Frank; Leuffen, Dirk; Rittberger, Berthold

doi:10.1080/13501763.2015.1020835

Cited by 220 publications

(150 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…The fact that countries like Switzerland have not participated as full members in EU governance, exactly because the authority of the EU is such a controversial and mobilising issue domestically, should be seen in this context. Politicisation is not necessarily the result of authority transfer, but may well be the reason why it did not happen (Schimmelfennig et al 2015). The contributions to this volume strongly suggest a more nuanced testing of the authority transfer hypothesis using dynamic research designs in which both authority transfers in the past as well as plans for prospective transfers in the future can affect politicisation in the present.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fourth, while referenda obviously function as catalysts for paramount and manifest controversy, deeper causes account for the more enduring and widespread existence of such controversy (De Wilde and Zürn 2012;Statham and Trenz 2015). Fifth, the prospect of such tests of public legitimacy of the EU drives a renegotiation of the terms of European integration and the outcome of these tests carry profound consequences for the EU (Rauh 2012;Schimmelfennig et al 2015).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Do different patterns of politicisation empower some actors over others? Do they affect the course of the integration process towards more or less sovereignty transfer and/or membership enlargement (see Schimmelfennig et al 2015 for a recent contribution to this research agenda)? Does politicisation enhance the democratic quality of European governance or does it inhibit the efficiency of supranational decision-making?…”

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confidence: 99%

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Introduction: the differentiated politicisation of European governance

Wilde

Leupold

Schmidtke

2015

West European Politics

311

164

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Introduction: the differentiated politicisation of European governance

Wilde

Leupold

Schmidtke

2015

West European Politics

311

164

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“…This refocus is even more interesting because the concept of interdependence is already central to the study of European economic, monetary and budgetary integrations (Stone Sweet and Sandholtz 1997, Moravcsik 1998, Schimmelfennig 2015. Schimmelfennig, Leuffen and Rittberger (2015) Second, because of the particular importance of former colonial ties, overseas crises are still likely to be asymmetric crises for Europeans. However, even overseas crises could generate more interdependence among European states because of their impact on global phenomena, such as trade, migration or terrorism.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interdependence, asymmetric crises, and European defence cooperation

Haroche

2017

European Security

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Although international crises are often believed to represent windows of opportunity to strengthen European defense cooperation, recent crises have not seemed to produce a clear convergence of European Union (EU) member states' security interests. This article seeks to address this puzzle by arguing that European defense cooperation is a response to crises that place European states in a situation of military interdependence. Conversely, asymmetric crises, i.e. crises that affect European states unevenly, encourage those states to maintain their autonomy of action. This theoretical argument is supported by two case studies: the failure of the European Defense Community in the early 1950s and the current difficulties experienced by the EU's military operations. These two cases illustrate a striking continuity in that, because of (neo)colonial ties in particular, European states are often unevenly affected by international crises, which tends to make defense cooperation less effective. On the other hand, the recent wave of terror attacks in Europe and the prospect of Brexit negotiations have renewed the impetus to hold talks regarding the possible strengthening of European defense cooperation (Gentiloni and Pinotti 2016, Le Figaro 2016). In light of these hopes and disappointments, identifying the key factors through which crises can (or cannot) stimulate European defense cooperation is crucial. Without denying the importance of the American factor, this article aims to reopen the debate based on two observations. On the one hand, with regard to the EDC, the US commitment to maintaining a strong presence on the European continent dates back to September 1950. This factor alone does not explain why France supported an ambitious European army project in October 1950 and changed its mind only after much hesitation in 1954. On the other hand, the CSDP might have been initially established to take over for NATO in the Balkans, in a context marked by a relative US disengagement from Europe in the 1990s.However, since the CSDP has become operational, the vast majority of EU military interventions have been deployed to Africa, which had never previously been a favored destination for NATO interventions. In Africa, the CSDP essentially took over for former colonial powers' national policies rather than for NATO. Therefore, in Africa, the key question is not so much why Europeans started to act without the US but why they started to act together.Pierre Haroche 3 US policy alone cannot explain why joint EU operations became a regular practice in Africa in the early 2000s and then proved increasingly difficult to launch a few years later (Haine 2011, Koepf 2012. European defense cooperation can only be understood by adopting a more comprehensive analytical framework.Theoretically, this article aims to demonstrate that European defense cooperation is a response to the military interdependence that international crises impose on European states. In particular, this article investigates the impact of crises on Europea...

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“…Horizontal differentiation means spatial differentiation and is based on the fact that arrangements concerning common policies do not apply in a uniform manner in all the Member States. Horizontal differentiation can be at the same time "internal differentiation" if not all EU Member States participate in a given political framework and "external differentiation", in which at least one country from outside the EU participates in a given political framework (Schimmelfennig, Leuffen & Rittberger, 2015).…”

Section: Categorization Of the Concept Of Differentiated Integration mentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced Cooperation, EMU Reforms and Their Implications for Differentiation in the European Union

Kubin

2017

Baltic Journal of European Studies

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The European Union as a system of differentiated integration: interdependence, politicization and differentiation

Cited by 220 publications

References 34 publications

Introduction: the differentiated politicisation of European governance

Introduction: the differentiated politicisation of European governance

Interdependence, asymmetric crises, and European defence cooperation

Enhanced Cooperation, EMU Reforms and Their Implications for Differentiation in the European Union

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