The European Union as a Regional Normative Hegemon: The Case of European Neighbourhood Policy

European Integration Revisited—From the Founding Fathers to the Normative Power Europe

“…By applying the NPE to various policy areas, one concludes that the legitimacy of EU actions is based on how the recipient countries perceive this normative power--as shown in Haukkala's chapter that places the NPE within the European Neighborhood Policy (ENP) (Haukkala, 2011). The EU's demands for reforms in the neighbors without the 'big carrot' (enlargement incentive) limit the EU's normative influence in its neighbors (Haukkala, 2011;Stewart, 2011).…”

Normative power spotting: an ontological and methodological appraisal

“…Manners's (2002) qualification of the EU as a normative power employs this pristine form of normative power. However, Haukkala has challenged this notion as 'too passive an understanding of the EU as [a] norm-entrepreneur in international relations' (Haukkala 2008(Haukkala : 1602). Manners's empirical cases of the abolition of the death penalty and children's rights show that the EU has taken a more active approach to norm-diffusion.…”

European Neighbourhood Policy as a tool for stabilizing Europe’s Neighbourhood

“…Whereas rationalist institutionalism emphasizes the instrumental, regulatory and efficiency-enhancing functions of institutions for fulfilling the security interests of states, constructivism argues that, through the transference and diffusion of EU norms, values and regulations to its immediate neighbourhood during the enlargement process, the EU acts as an instrument to enhance the stability of its member states (Hakkula 2009(Hakkula , 1606.…”

“…This interaction creates its main influence through the enlargement process, where the EU 'as a normative power can project its norms and values in a way that is both efficient and legitimate'. This efficiency and legitimacy arise from the tool of 'conditionality' and the use of 'carrots and sticks' (Hakkula 2009(Hakkula , 1604.…”