The Evaluation of Agarose-Based Gel Systems for Surface Cleaning Albumen Prints vs the Conventional Water Treatment

Ali, Maha A.

doi:10.21608/ejars.2022.246573

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 32 publications

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“…This gel belongs to the category of physical gels [70]. It is readily soluble in hot water, stable in a relatively extended pH range, safe, and non-toxic [71]. Passaretti [72] (2021) said that the use of gels has become necessary when cleaning manuscripts, for which the conventional procedure of immersion in water solution was not ideal.…”

Section: Sodium Carboxy Methyl Cellulosementioning

confidence: 99%

Biopolymer applications for different treatments of the historical paper manuscripts and leather bindings: A Review

Abdel-Maksoud,

Nasr,

kassem

2023

Egypt. J. Chem.

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Biopolymers materials exhibit outstanding potential in various conservation applications of historical paper manuscripts and bookbinding due to their flexible functionalization and various characteristics. This study aims to make an integrated study for the different application purposes of natural and synthetic biopolymers that can be used in the conservation of historical paper manuscripts and leather bindings. This study discussed the different sources of biopolymers such as plants, animals, and microorganism sources. The different applications of biopolymers such as consolidation, adhesive, retanning, cleaning, gap filling, and lubrication, antifungal were explained. The chemical composition, advantages, disadvantages, and application techniques of biopolymers were also discussed. This study showed that there are many biopolymers used in the field of treatment of paper manuscripts and leather binding. Still, the most common was polysaccharides-based materials, which were used in the bio-consolidation of paper, and this was due to the compatibility in their characteristics with paper. Essential plant oils (tea tree, lavender, and thyme oils) and Chitosan are the most common biopolymers used as antimicrobials. Japanese papers and bacterial cellulose are the most appropriate materials for consolidation and completion of the missing and fragile parts of the papers and leathers. Polyurethanes, a synthetic biomaterial, were used as a coating to protect the leather from gas pollution. Beeswax protects the leather from pollution such as sulfur dioxide. This study is considered a guide for all conservators working on paper manuscripts and leather binding.

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Section: Sodium Carboxy Methyl Cellulosementioning

confidence: 99%

Biopolymer applications for different treatments of the historical paper manuscripts and leather bindings: A Review

Abdel-Maksoud,

Nasr,

kassem

2023

Egypt. J. Chem.

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Towards a novel strategy for soot removal from water-soluble materials: the synergetic effect of hydrogels and cyclomethicone on gelatine emulsion-based photographs

et al. 2023

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Gels are a popular cleaning method for paper conservators and a lot of research has been done concerning gel cleaning of paper objects over the last 15 years. Despite the close interconnection between the conservation fields of paper and photographic material, research on using gels for cleaning photographs is very scarce. However, gels can provide an excellent cleaning method for photographic material. Cleaning silver gelatine prints with aqueous solvents is very complex due to the hydrophilic properties and fragility of the gelatine layer which makes mechanical cleaning difficult. The properties of gels ensure better control over the flow and evaporation of the solvent, facilitating the cleaning process. This study is the first insight into the viability of using gellan gum gel and polyvinyl acetate-borax (PVAc-borax) gel to clean contaminants from the surface of silver gelatine photographs. It is based on self-made samples that were artificially aged and contaminated with soot. Water, ethanol (EtOH), and Kodak Photo-flo were studied as solvents to remove the soot from the silver gelatine-based prints. These solvents were loaded into the aforementioned gels and applied to the samples in two different methods. These gel cleaning methods were subsequently compared with traditional cleaning methods. In addition, the usage of cyclomethicone D4 as a protective mask for the gelatine layer was studied. Measuring methods used to evaluate the cleaning were visual comparison, microscopic observation, and densitometry. ATR-FTIR measurements were also conducted to investigate potential side-effects of the cleaning methods on the prints, such as unwanted chemical transformations or the presence of gel residues after the treatments. Most of the gel cleaning methods within this study proved to be inadequate, with the exception of the gellan gum gel loaded with 30% EtOH. It was used as a granulated gel applied mechanically on a print saturated with cyclomethicone (octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane D4). Cyclomethicone proved to be a very effective protective barrier for the water-sensitive gelatine layer with minimal reduction in cleaning effectiveness.

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Removal of Pressure Sensitive Tapes From Vintage Silver Gelatin Prints Using Selected Gel-Based Systems: An Experimental Study

WAHEEB,

HASSAN,

MOHAMED

et al. 2024

Int J Conserv Sci

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Historical photographs play a significant role as records, documenting the various stages of the history of Egypt and reflecting our identity and social, cultural, and religious values. Silver gelatin prints were the dominant positive printing processes in the 20th century. One of the most common forms of damage found among photographic collections is tears, which may result from improper handling and misuse, inappropriate storage, disasters, and other factors. In the past, tears were mended using pressure-sensitive tapes by amateurs and conservators. Over time, these tapes caused damage to the photographic surfaces since they oxidised, forming stains that are difficult and sometimes impossible to remove. Recently, many gel-based systems have been developed for use in the conservation of different cultural and historical materials, particularly paper artifacts. The aim of this research is to evaluate the efficacy of Klucel G and agar, as gel systems that are favoured by conservation specialists, in removing pressure-sensitive tapes from the surfaces of silver gelatin prints, as well as to study their effect on the photographs themselves. Organic solvents were added to the gel systems, and invaluable old photographs were used for this study. After treatment, samples were subjected to artificial ageing at a temperature of 80°C and 65% RH. Evaluation of the selected treatments was carried out through visual inspection, microscopic examination, colorimetric measurements, and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Results showed that both gel-based systems with mixed organic solvents gave great results compared to the conventional methods in terms of tape removal. However, colour change was detected in the case of agar gel-treated samples. Agarose gel may be a more proper option.

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The Evaluation of Agarose-Based Gel Systems for Surface Cleaning Albumen Prints vs the Conventional Water Treatment

Cited by 3 publications

References 32 publications

Biopolymer applications for different treatments of the historical paper manuscripts and leather bindings: A Review

Biopolymer applications for different treatments of the historical paper manuscripts and leather bindings: A Review

Towards a novel strategy for soot removal from water-soluble materials: the synergetic effect of hydrogels and cyclomethicone on gelatine emulsion-based photographs

Removal of Pressure Sensitive Tapes From Vintage Silver Gelatin Prints Using Selected Gel-Based Systems: An Experimental Study

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