“…Excessive buckling loads on the tracks may lead to track misalignment and result in an accident. Several attempts have been made for the rail axial load monitoring, using a variety of different sensors including strain gauges and fiber optic (FO) sensors, using distributed sensing as well as fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors [2,3,4,5]. The problems with these techniques are the accuracy of the estimation and in the case of the change in the structure, the inability to avoid false errors.…”