The evaluation of Interleukin 34, Macrophage colony stimulating factor and Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa ligand levels in gingival crevicular fluid and saliva of patients with periodontitis

Abstract

Objectives: Interleukin 34 (IL-34), Macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa ligand (RANKL) are involved in several chronic inflammatory conditions associated with tissue degeneration. The aim of this study is to evaluate the levels of IL-34, M-CSF, RANKL and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and saliva of patients with periodontitis and healthy individuals. Material and Methods: GCF and saliva samples were collected and periodontal clinical parameters including plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment level (CAL) were recorded from patients (41 periodontitis, 20 healthy). IL-34, M-CSF, RANKL, and TNF-α concentrations were measured by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: RANKL and TNF-α levels were significantly higher in periodontitis group compared with healthy controls in GCF (p<0.05). Salivary IL-34, M-CSF, RANKL and TNF-α levels were significantly higher in periodontitis group than in healthy controls (respectively; p<0.01, <0.01, <0.05, <0.05). In GCF, only between RANKL levels and PD-CAL scores were positively correlated (p<0.01), however, in saliva there was a statistically positive correlation between all biochemical parameters and PD-CAL scores. Conclusions: RANKL in both GCF and saliva can be considered as a proper diagnostic marker associated with destruction of periodontal diseases. On the other hand, IL-34 and M-CSF may be asserted contribute to pathogenesis of periodontitis. Clinical revelance: The changes of IL-34, M-CSF, RANKL and TNF-α levels in saliva and GCF of patients can effect the severity of inflammation and periodontal destruction. Explaining the main role of these cytokines, which can be used as diagnostic markers, may help to clarify pathogenesis of periodontal diseases.