The Evolution and Ecology of Closely Related Species Living in the Same Area

Harper, John L.; Clatworthy, J.N.; McNaughton, I. H.; Sagar, G. R.

doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1961.tb03144.x

Cited by 265 publications

(96 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…In this case, the process of environmental filtering overwhelms the effects of colonization and extinction. Within patches, limiting similarity due to competitive exclusion and niche partitioning will favor species that differ in their use of resources (Harper et al 1961, MacArthur and Levins 1967, Leibold 1998. Alternatively, species can coexist at a regional scale as a result of life history differences, usually exhibited through a colonization-competition trade-off Culver 1971, Tilman 1994) or through regional processes, such as emigration/ immigration (e.g., dispersal), that are strong enough to prevent competitive exclusion within the local patches (Levin 1974, Mouquet andLoreau 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental filtering and dispersal as drivers of metacommunity composition: complex spider webs as habitat patches

Fernandez‐Fournier

Avilés

2018

Ecosphere

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Citation: Fernandez-Fournier, P., and L. Avil es. 2018. Environmental filtering and dispersal as drivers of metacommunity composition: complex spider webs as habitat patches. Ecosphere 9(2):e02101. 10.1002/ecs2.2101Abstract. Metacommunity theory has advanced the understanding of the patterns and processes shaping community structure at multiple scales. Various models have been put forward to explain the relative effects of environmental filtering, dispersal, and species traits on community composition. Here, we focus on complex, three-dimensional webs of two social and two solitary spider species as habitat patches for associated communities of arthropods in a tropical rainforest in Ecuador. We used variance partitioning, constrained ordination, coherence analyses, and a colonization experiment to assess the role of environmental filtering and dispersal in this system. We found that the composition of communities associated with the four host species was mostly differentiated along two ordination axes, with the first axis roughly corresponding to level of sociality (solitary vs. social) and the other to web size. Associate abundance increased, but their density per unit volume decreased with host web size for all host species. Webs of social spider species had more variable communities and proportionally more aggressive (i.e., predatory) associates. After rarefaction to control for larger samples in larger webs, only one of the species showed a significant increase of species richness as a function of web size. The relatively quick colonization of experimentally established webs suggests high dispersal of more generalist species, but their lower proportion in older webs provides some evidence of a colonization-competition trade-off at longer temporal scales. The distinctness of the communities associated with the four host species, and the eventual change in proportion of associates in newly founded vs. old webs, despite high dispersal, is consistent with environmental filtering and species traits playing a major role in determining patterns of species distribution in this system.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental filtering and dispersal as drivers of metacommunity composition: complex spider webs as habitat patches

Fernandez‐Fournier

Avilés

2018

Ecosphere

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“…Grubb 1977, Harper 1977, Grime 1979, Hamrick 1979, Werner 1979. Grubb (1977) proposed a conceptual model in which he argued that both the number and type of species which co-occur in a plant community depend upon differences in the regenerative capabilities of the plants and the types of microenvironments, or safe sites (sensu Harper et al 1961), their seedlings require to establish. The difficulties in testing Grubb's regen- eration niche model include not only determining what constitutes a safe site for a particular species, but also determining the availability (e.g., distribution and abundance) of those safe sites within the dispersal range of an adult population.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Colonizing Abilities of 'Biennial' Plant Species in Relation to Ground Cover: Implications for their Distributions in a Successional Sere

Gross¹,

Werner²

1982

Ecology

357

230

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The "biennial" plant series Verbascum thapsus, Oenothera biennis, Daucas carota, and Tragopogon dubius are all found in abandoned agricultural fields, but they differ in their time of first appearance, peak abundance, and length of time populations persist. In experimental field studies these species showed differences in their abilities to colonize various types of ground cover. Seedling emergence, survival, and growth were highest for all four species in patches of bare ground. The small—seeded species, Verbascum and Oenothera, survived only in bare ground. In contrast, the large—seeded species, Daucus and Tragopogon, survived in several ground cover types. Relative coverage of three ground cover types and differences in seedling performance in these cover types were compared in a 1—yr and 15—yr old field. Verbascum and Oenothera became established only in the 1—yr old field where bare ground was abundant and not in the 15—yr old field where these patches were rare (°1% of area). When bare—ground patches were created experimentally in the 15—yr old field, both species were able to establish, supporting the conclusion that it is availability of bare ground rather than age of field per se that confines these two species to recently disturbed areas. In contrast, Daucus and Tragopogon became established in both fields, although seedling emergence, survival, growth, and reproductive output were higher in the 1—yr old field. Under nonexperimental conditions, however, these two species are not generally found in newly abandoned fields. Their absence is due to the fact that they produce seeds that, although broadly dispersed, do not survive in the soil for >1—2 yr and are not often present in a newly distributed area. Once dispersed to and established in an area, they can persist for several generations because their seedlings can survive in several types of ground cover, including those with thick vegetation.

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“…Spatial variation in conditions for seedling establishment has also been well documented and is implicit in the concepts of a "safe site" (Harper et al 1961) and the "regeneration niche" of Grubb ( 1977). Gaps ' Manuscript received 2 March 1984;revised 20 October 1984;accepted 3 November 1984. 2 Present address: Botany Department, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4230 USA.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Responses of Erodium to Varying Microsites: The Role of Germination Cueing

Rice¹

1985

Ecology

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I examined the role of germination cueing in the dynamics of Erodium botrys and E. brachycarpum populations exposed to localized, spatial variation within Californian annual grasslands. In laboratory trials, germination rates of both species increased significantly in seeds previously exposed to fluctuating temperatures (25—45°C) during dry storage. Temperature fluctuations per se were more important than temperature maxima for increasing germination rates. Light conditions during germination had no significant effect on germination rates. Field trials were also conducted. Summer soil temperature regimes were characterized for three germination microsites of Erodium: (1) under the dense litter of annual grasses, (2) in bare soil, and (3) under mounds created by burrowing pocket gophers. Diurnal fluctuations in soil surface temperature were 17°—51°C on bare soil, 20°—41° under litter, and 18°—35° under gopher mounds. Summer field manipulations examined the rates of release from seed dormancy for buried seeds; both species showed a strong positive relationship between the germination rates and the mean diurnal range of temperatures for each microsite. To examine whether seed germination rates were accurate predictors of the suitability of a site for Erodium colonization, germinated seeds of both species were introduced into each microsite type at the start of the growing season. Emergence rates and survival were significantly reduced in mound microsites; seed output per plant was lower in litter microsites. There was a strong positive relationship between Erodium colonization success, as measured by net reproductive rate, and the mean summer diurnal range of soil temperatures. The accuracy of the cueing response in predicting site suitability was reduced with drought or heavy grazing. The results overall suggest significant adaptive value for germination cueing in both Erodium species.

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The Evolution and Ecology of Closely Related Species Living in the Same Area

Cited by 265 publications

References 67 publications

Environmental filtering and dispersal as drivers of metacommunity composition: complex spider webs as habitat patches

Environmental filtering and dispersal as drivers of metacommunity composition: complex spider webs as habitat patches

Colonizing Abilities of 'Biennial' Plant Species in Relation to Ground Cover: Implications for their Distributions in a Successional Sere

Responses of Erodium to Varying Microsites: The Role of Germination Cueing

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