The Evolution of City Gaming

Tan, Ekim

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-32653-5_15

Cited by 14 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Innes and Booher (1996) assume that role-playing games could be a solution to create engaging methods for generating discussion related to the planning topics of a concrete planning problem. Tan (2016) started role-playing in the "generative city game" experiments, concluding that the games required more elements to reach systemic simulation. Resources, real restrictions, and visual modeling helped in the understanding of planning problems and provided more coherent plans through the game-planning approach.…”

Section: The Rationality Through Collaboration In Planningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urban Play and the Playable City: A Critical Perspective

2022

Frontiers Research Topics

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Frontiers is more than just an open-access publisher of scholarly articles: it is a pioneering approach to the world of academia, radically improving the way scholarly research is managed. The grand vision of Frontiers is a world where all people have an equal opportunity to seek, share and generate knowledge. Frontiers provides immediate and permanent online open access to all its publications, but this alone is not enough to realize our grand goals. Frontiers Journal SeriesThe Frontiers Journal Series is a multi-tier and interdisciplinary set of open-access, online journals, promising a paradigm shift from the current review, selection and dissemination processes in academic publishing. All Frontiers journals are driven by researchers for researchers; therefore, they constitute a service to the scholarly community. At the same time, the Frontiers Journal Series operates on a revolutionary invention, the tiered publishing system, initially addressing specific communities of scholars, and gradually climbing up to broader public understanding, thus serving the interests of the lay society, too. Dedication to QualityEach Frontiers article is a landmark of the highest quality, thanks to genuinely collaborative interactions between authors and review editors, who include some of the world's best academicians. Research must be certified by peers before entering a stream of knowledge that may eventually reach the public -and shape society; therefore, Frontiers only applies the most rigorous and unbiased reviews. Frontiers revolutionizes research publishing by freely delivering the most outstanding research, evaluated with no bias from both the academic and social point of view. By applying the most advanced information technologies, Frontiers is catapulting scholarly publishing into a new generation.

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Section: The Rationality Through Collaboration In Planningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urban Play and the Playable City: A Critical Perspective

2022

Frontiers Research Topics

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“…Games in planning simulate different complex socio-political and technical-physical dynamics to support the collective formulation of problems and establishment of system boundaries (Raghothama & Meijer, 2015). Games also provide new tools to playfully negotiate and explore the effects of actions within a given set of social and design parameters (Tan, 2016 We have chosen to conduct this pilot study both in a control-rich experiment to validate differences in the measured usefulness variables (internal validation) and in two cases to validate findings from the controlled study in context-rich settings (external validation).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contextualizing planning support (systems): co-designing to fit the dynamics of spatial strategy making

Franken-Champlin¹

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PSS tend to outperform other GIS-based tools in terms of the provision of knowledge, communication of knowledge and support in the analysis of knowledge (Vonk & Geertman, 2008). Despite their knowledge-handling capabilities, these technologies by and large have not entered the realm of non-routine, strategic planning tasks. Strategic tasks rely heavily on dynamic processes of communication and knowledge exchange for learning about a spatial system. Supporting these process-related aspects is important when confronted by divergent knowledge and priorities that compel actors to frame issues differently (Matos Castaño, 2016). Instead, PSS tend to focus on the substantive aspects of a planning issue-e.g. easing traffic congestion, prioritizing land uses (Pelzer et al., 2014). Dealing with well-defined, routine problems is more straight forward since these tasks rely on 'expert knowledge [that] is relatively unambiguous but subject to error because of the extensiveness of the "facts" involved' (Batty, 1995, p. 6). Consequently, PSS that have successfully made the transition to practice typically support routine planning tasks (Couclelis, 2005). According to a study by Vonk et al. (2007b), out of 58 analyzed PSS, 55 systems supported problem exploration and the analysis of trends while only one system supported problem formulation tasks. The functionality of the PSS that were evaluated focused considerably more on analyzing and modelling information than on supporting communication and information gathering, two process-related aspects of problem formulation. Such analyses of PSS use have become associated with the task-technology-user fit model (Vonk, 2006; Goodhue & Thompson, 1995). This model provides insight into the influence of method and tool components on both the process and outcome of group work (Geertman, 2013). Present-day research examining the relationships between planning task, planning support and users is centered on understanding the usefulness of these tools. PSS usefulness is determined in part by the fit between the support function of the system and the planning task, or its utility, and in part by the perceived usability of the utility function (Pelzer, 2017). Several studies provide discussions of usefulness, particularly concerning the potential communication and learning benefits of PSS use (see Shrestha, 2018; Pelzer et al., 2016; Pelzer et al., 2014; Goodspeed, 2013a). Communication and learning are two process-related aspects that I have attempted to link in the previous section to the dynamics of divergence and convergence. Communication and learning have been measured at both the group and individual level. Both levels of analysis are important since planning as a communicative activity is grounded both in the collective common sense of the group acting together and in the knowledge and consciousness that autonomous individuals gain through self-reflection (Alexander, 1988 as cited in Klosterman, 1997). While the term usefulness hints at a bias toward the potential benefits of PSS use, P...

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“…The game Metropolis, created by Richard Duke, the father of planning simulation games, is a planning game in analogue format, created to engage members of a city council in urban development planning (Duke, 1995). More recent approaches, such as Generative City Gaming presented by Tan, detail participatory design games for "city making purposes" that do more than "teach, train, strategize, predict and entertain" (Figure 23) (Tan, 2014(Tan, , 2016.…”

Section: Agreement and Conflicting On Knowledge Values And Goalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A lack of focus on the social dimension of serious games can limit constructive discourse surrounding goals and values that can lead to better idea exploration, discourse, decision making, and increases in consensus, cooperation and empowerment. This facilitation is important because, as Tan argues, a stakeholder group's reliance on existing decision-making mechanisms, rules and regulations, or the balance of power between the involved parties, may hinder the link between the game and the reality it aims to influence (Tan, 2014(Tan, , 2016. Internal dynamics such as inequality between players, or deviation from the aim of the design game during gameplay, can also impact on the performance of the participatory gaming process (Tan, 2016).…”

Section: Implications For Research: Mitigate Internal Dynamics Such As Inequality Betweenmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This facilitation is important because, as Tan argues, a stakeholder group's reliance on existing decision-making mechanisms, rules and regulations, or the balance of power between the involved parties, may hinder the link between the game and the reality it aims to influence (Tan, 2014(Tan, , 2016. Internal dynamics such as inequality between players, or deviation from the aim of the design game during gameplay, can also impact on the performance of the participatory gaming process (Tan, 2016).…”

Section: Implications For Research: Mitigate Internal Dynamics Such As Inequality Betweenmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Functional Fiction to Collective Action: Speculative Participatory Serious Urban Design Gaming to Enhance Slum-upgrading Processes

Beattie¹

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<p>People who are marginalised in slum-upgrading processes can benefit from participatory design strategies. When marginalised slum communities confront and explore conflicting perspectives, values, assumptions and goals through negotiation within participatory design processes, the ability to harness the collective intelligence of people to work towards collective action can be enhanced. However, a tension exists in the participatory design literature between those participatory processes that seek to facilitate social outcomes such as social capital building, and those that seek only to implement an urban development or upgrading project (slum upgrading) as the outcome. Exploring new methods of design participation that integrate both social outcomes and design processes can help alleviate this tension by recognising a diversity of stakeholder perspectives on urban-related issues and help them work towards implementing lasting communal change that explicitly takes into account cooperative development action. The dissertation explores an innovative approach to participatory slum upgrading, which proposes bringing together speculative architecture, participatory design, and serious gaming approaches to help stakeholders to explore conflicting perspectives, assumptions and corresponding future visions surrounding architectural and urban issues. The research focusses on how these three areas can be brought together to help develop a new approach for designing participatory design tools for marginalised communities. The research explores how a “speculative, participatory, serious urban gaming” (SPS-UG) approach might be used to help marginalised communities consider past, future and present community experiences, reconcile dissimilar assumptions, and generate social outcomes and in-game design responses, while priming participants for further long-term, slum-upgrading design engagement processes. Empirical material for this research was gathered from a range of case study workshops prepared with three landfill-based communities and external partners throughout 2017, which utilised a new SPS-UG computer game I designed called Maslow’s Palace to evaluate the approach. The research shows that the SPS-UG approach was successful in guiding the design of a serious game to help reveal, develop and ground stakeholder knowledge, goals and values surrounding slum-upgrading issues. Through an exploration of social complexities involved in the participatory design process, participants were stimulated to share diverse opinions and aspirations and thus deepen their understanding of self, others, norms and institutions. The SPS-UG approach contributed to slum-upgrading outcomes for communities by aiding slum-upgrading ideation, framing the consideration of alternate views and possible futures, and scaffolding discussions about what the future might look like through visual representation of possible design alternatives. Finally, the research discusses key methodological insights, and the challenges faced when working with marginalised communities while pursuing social and slum-upgrading outcomes through a gaming approach. This is significant when considering how the approach might interface with other slum-upgrading processes outside of the scope of this research or function as a catalyst for the transformation of other physical urban environments and socio-cultural contexts.</p>

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The Evolution of City Gaming

Cited by 14 publications

References 7 publications

Urban Play and the Playable City: A Critical Perspective

Urban Play and the Playable City: A Critical Perspective

Contextualizing planning support (systems): co-designing to fit the dynamics of spatial strategy making

Functional Fiction to Collective Action: Speculative Participatory Serious Urban Design Gaming to Enhance Slum-upgrading Processes

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