“…Developing countries such as Indonesia, Mexico, Egypt, and Sri Lanka run food subsidy programs with in-kind transfer of grains to beneficiaries and suffer from similar problems such as leakages, inclusion-exclusion errors and errors related to beneficiary identification (Abdalla and Al-Shawarby, 2017;Alderman et al, 2018Alderman et al, , 2017Tilakaratna and Sooriyamudali, 2017;Timmer et al, 2017;APEC, 2017) and are turning toward technology to combat corruption (Wickberg, 2013;Silveira, 2016;Santiso, 2019;Mukherjee, 2015). For instance, Mexico recently launched the first biometric card trial in the state of Sonora for reducing fraud in the disbursement of state benefits (Stephen, 2019;Cuttler , 2019).…”