2012
DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2012.01897.x
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The evolution of gigantism on temperate seashores

Abstract: The extent to which animal lineages achieve large body size, a trait with broad advantages in competition and defence, varies in space and time according to the supply of (and demand for) resources, as well as the magnitude and effects of extinction. Using the maximum sizes of shallow-water marine shell-bearing molluscs belonging to nineteen guilds (groups of species with similar habits and food sources) in seven temperate regions from the Early Miocene to the Recent, the present study examined the controls on… Show more

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Cited by 34 publications
(51 citation statements)
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References 121 publications
(134 reference statements)
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“…Estes and Steinberg () proposed that the success of kelps in the North Pacific was the consequence of a trophic cascade, in which sea otters ( Enhydra lutris ) feed on herbivorous sea urchins (Strongylocentrotidae) and therefore remove a potential limitation on kelp growth rates and population sizes. Sea otters, however, arrived in the North Pacific during or even after the Pliocene, well after sea urchins made their appearance in) the Middle Miocene and even longer after the likely time of origin of kelps during the Oligocene or Early Miocene in the North Pacific (Domning, ; Rothman, Mattio, Anderson, & Bolton, ; Vermeij, ). We suspect that the mechanism proposed by Estes and Steinberg () is responsible for the success of kelps, but their timing and culprits are earlier and different.…”
Section: Productivitymentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…Estes and Steinberg () proposed that the success of kelps in the North Pacific was the consequence of a trophic cascade, in which sea otters ( Enhydra lutris ) feed on herbivorous sea urchins (Strongylocentrotidae) and therefore remove a potential limitation on kelp growth rates and population sizes. Sea otters, however, arrived in the North Pacific during or even after the Pliocene, well after sea urchins made their appearance in) the Middle Miocene and even longer after the likely time of origin of kelps during the Oligocene or Early Miocene in the North Pacific (Domning, ; Rothman, Mattio, Anderson, & Bolton, ; Vermeij, ). We suspect that the mechanism proposed by Estes and Steinberg () is responsible for the success of kelps, but their timing and culprits are earlier and different.…”
Section: Productivitymentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The likely time of appearance of North Pacific kelps coincides with the Early Oligocene colonization of the North Pacific by desmostylians, large herbivorous mammals that survived to the Late Miocene. Although their precise diet remains unknown, a diet of large seaweeds including kelps is plausible and indeed likely, presaging the algal diet of Late Miocene to Recent hydrodamaline sea cows (Vermeij, ). A succession of durophagous bottom‐dwelling mammals also colonized the North Pacific, beginning with the Late Oligocene Kolponomos and culminating with the appearance of the sea otter.…”
Section: Productivitymentioning
confidence: 99%
“…); although other recent studies (Vermeij ) emphasized that the gigantism of fossil and Recent plants and animals remains poorly understood. Gigantism has been interpreted as an evolutionary strategy for protection against predators, because the cost of killing and consuming prey is higher than the benefit (Palmer ; Vermeij ). The early growth stages of giant prey, when the individual is more vulnerable, are characterized by rapid growth (Vermeij ).…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Gigantism has been interpreted as an evolutionary strategy for protection against predators, because the cost of killing and consuming prey is higher than the benefit (Palmer ; Vermeij ). The early growth stages of giant prey, when the individual is more vulnerable, are characterized by rapid growth (Vermeij ). However, competitive interactions, more than predation, may have been the main reason for gigantism (Vermeij ).…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In attached seaweeds, rapid nutrient uptake and transport is indicated by a highly branched morphology and, in species with large blades, a complex 3D surface [80,81]. Mapping of these potential proxies for performance on algal phylogenies can indicate how performance has evolved over time and the extent to which performance is related to CO 2 levels and to escalating herbivory in the sea [82][83][84].…”
Section: Plantsmentioning
confidence: 99%