The evolution of indirect reciprocity under action and assessment generosity

Schmid, Laura; Shati, Pouya; Hilbe, Christian; Chatterjee, Krishnendu

doi:10.1038/s41598-021-96932-1

Cited by 27 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…j≠i bx ji À cx ij (see "Methods" for details). To model how players adopt new strategies, we then consider simple imitation dynamics [54][55][56] . In every timestep of the evolutionary process, a player i is picked uniformly at random to revise their norm.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the next step, we explore a setting where individuals' social norms are no longer fixed. We analyze which norms players themselves choose to adopt over time, following the methods in previous work 44,56 . For this analysis, we assume that players change their norms over a timescale that is longer and separate from the timescale of the reputation dynamics with fixed norms.…”

Section: Evolutionary Dynamicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Quantitative assessment can stabilize indirect reciprocity under imperfect information

et al. 2023

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The field of indirect reciprocity investigates how social norms can foster cooperation when individuals continuously monitor and assess each other’s social interactions. By adhering to certain social norms, cooperating individuals can improve their reputation and, in turn, receive benefits from others. Eight social norms, known as the “leading eight," have been shown to effectively promote the evolution of cooperation as long as information is public and reliable. These norms categorize group members as either ’good’ or ’bad’. In this study, we examine a scenario where individuals instead assign nuanced reputation scores to each other, and only cooperate with those whose reputation exceeds a certain threshold. We find both analytically and through simulations that such quantitative assessments are error-correcting, thus facilitating cooperation in situations where information is private and unreliable. Moreover, our results identify four specific norms that are robust to such conditions, and may be relevant for helping to sustain cooperation in natural populations.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Evolutionary Dynamicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative assessment can stabilize indirect reciprocity under imperfect information

et al. 2023

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“…Alternatively, the use of generosity information could have affected behavior without awareness on the part of the participant. Future research is needed to distinguish these possibilities empirically, particularly to make predictions about whether or how participants might reciprocate the generosity if given the opportunity (Delton et al, 2011; Schmid et al, 2021; Whitham, 2021).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

When uncertainty in social contexts increases exploration and decreases obtained rewards.

Plate¹,

Ham²,

Jenkins³

2023

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

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Similar decision-making situations often arise repeatedly, presenting tradeoffs between (i) acquiring new information to facilitate future-related decisions (exploration) and (ii) using existing information to secure expected outcomes (exploitation). Exploration choices have been well characterized in nonsocial contexts, however, choices to explore (or not) in social environments are less well understood. Social environments are of particular interest because a key factor that increases exploration in nonsocial contexts is environmental uncertainty, and the social world is generally appreciated to be highly uncertain. Although uncertainty sometimes must be reduced behaviorally (e.g., by trying something and seeing what happens), other times it may be reduced cognitively (e.g., by imagining possible outcomes). Across four experiments, participants searched for rewards in a series of grids that were either described as comprising real people distributing previously earned points (social context) or as the result of a computer algorithm or natural phenomenon (nonsocial context). In Experiments 1 and 2, participants explored more, and earned fewer rewards, in the social versus nonsocial context, suggesting that social uncertainty prompted behavioral exploration at the cost of task-relevant goals. In Experiments 3 and 4, we provided additional information about the people in the search space that could support social-cognitive approaches to uncertainty reduction, including relationships of the social agents distributing points (Experiment 3) and information relevant to social group membership (Experiment 4); exploration decreased in both instances. Taken together, these experiments highlight the approaches to, and tradeoffs of, uncertainty reduction in social contexts. Public Significance StatementWhen interacting with other people, we often face a high degree of uncertainty: we may not know how other people are feeling, their past experiences, or their future behaviors. We show that people resolve this uncertainty through behavioral exploration-that is, they seek out interactions with other people in order to learn about them. However, this exploration can come at the cost of other goals (in this case, earning rewards). People can sidestep the need for this costly exploration by employing other tools, such as their expectations about how people are similar to each other or themselves. Together, we demonstrate approaches that individuals use to guide social knowledge acquisition.

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“…Establishing a credible system will bring economic value to the enterprise (Resnick et al, 2006 ). Transparent and credible information can facilitate effective indirect reciprocity (Schmid et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Theoretical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Do you reap what you sow? Driving mechanism of supply chain transparency on consumers' indirect reciprocity

2023

Front. Psychol.

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IntroductionTo maintain sustainable poverty alleviation in the post-pandemic world, China encourages firms to participate in the “Social Commerce Helping Farmers Project.” This study aims to explore the phenomenon of indirect reciprocity between firms, consumers, and farmers in the supply chain. This study explores how supply chain transparency stimulates indirect reciprocity among consumers through competence trust, goodwill trust, and integrity trust. Furthermore, we explore the impact of compassion and the need for social status on the model.MethodsWe fit a partial least square analysis structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) using data from an online random vignette-based experiment questionnaire survey.ResultsSupply chain transparency of social responsibility practices asymmetrically affects three dimensions of consumer trust by improving perceived information quality. And the three dimensions of trust asymmetrically contribute to indirect reciprocity. Furthermore, compassion has a positive moderating effect on the relationship between perceived information quality and trust. However, the moderating effect of the need for social status on the relationship between the three dimensions of trust and indirect reciprocity differed significantly.DiscussionOur findings indicate that supply chain transparency improves consumer trust, making consumers more responsive and rewarding companies that assist vulnerable groups in their supply chains. Faced with a trust crisis, companies can take different measures to achieve their goals based on each dimension of trust. At the same time, companies need to consider differences in the responses of consumers with different personality traits (e.g., compassion and the need for social status) when revealing their corporate social responsibility practices to consumers.

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The evolution of indirect reciprocity under action and assessment generosity

Cited by 27 publications

References 63 publications

Quantitative assessment can stabilize indirect reciprocity under imperfect information

Quantitative assessment can stabilize indirect reciprocity under imperfect information

When uncertainty in social contexts increases exploration and decreases obtained rewards.

Do you reap what you sow? Driving mechanism of supply chain transparency on consumers' indirect reciprocity

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