Systematic elucidation of the evolution trend of karst rocky desertification (KRD) is of great significance for correctly understanding its occurrence and development process, and implementing effective comprehensive control measures. Based on the existing studies, the authors explore the formation and evolutionary mechanisms and trends of KRD in the karst mountains of Southwest China based on literature induction and field investigations. The factors driving the occurrence and formation of KRD are the single livelihood of farmers in karst mountain areas (KMA), the great land pressure, the low land carrying capacity, and the fragile ecology. Under the background of low land carrying capacity, land use systems such as over‐cutting, over‐cultivation, and over‐grazing triggered land degradation in KMA, namely KRD. With the evolution of social and economic background and the disappearance of its driving factors, the trend of KRD expansion will undergo a fundamental turning point, namely KRD transition. KRD transition is the response of the land use system to the comprehensive action of economic and social development and ecosystem, which accords with the general trend of economic and social development and ecosystem evolution. The transition of KRD evolution found in this paper reveals the change of human‐land relationship in KMA in Southwest China and provides a valuable reference for rural revitalization and ecological construction.