The evolution of plant architecture

Sussex, Ian M.; Kerk, Nancy M.

doi:10.1016/s1369-5266(00)00132-1

Cited by 153 publications

(119 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Regulation of the initiation of axillary meristems is important for controlling the overall plant form (Kerstetter and Hake, 1997; Schmitz and Theres, 1999;Sussex and Kerk, 2001). Axillary meristems are typically located on the leaf axils.…”

Section: Development and Potential Of Axillary Meristemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Control of Outgrowth and Dormancy in Axillary Buds

2001

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The shoot system has an important role in generating a large variety of diverse plant forms (Steeves and Sussex, 1989). The overall architecture of the shoot system is derived from the activity of the primary shoot apical meristem (SAM), arising during embryogenesis, together with the activity of the additional meristems subsequently formed after seed germination. The primary SAM provides the main axis of the plant body. Plant architecture is further modified by shoot branching that results from the activity of the additional meristems. The complexity of the branching pattern depends on the temporal and spatial development of these branches. These characteristics, although they are plastic in their response to environmental cues, are genetically determined. The developmental program that specifies branching patterns in different plant species is fundamentally important for generating species-specific plant forms.The shoot branching process generally involves two developmental stages: the formation of axillary meristems in the leaf axils and the growth of axillary buds. In many plant species, the growth of axillary meristems is inhibited by the primary shoot or primary inflorescence. This phenomenon is generally known as apical dominance. The plant hormones auxin and cytokinin are thought to have a major role in controlling this process (Phillips, 1975;Cline, 1994;Tamas, 1995;Napoli et al., 1999). Auxin has an inhibitory effect on the growth of axillary buds, whereas cytokinin promotes axillary bud outgrowth. The mechanisms of axillary bud outgrowth depend on the ratio of these two hormones rather than the absolute levels of either hormone.A variety of experimental approaches have been used to examine the mechanisms controlling dormancy and outgrowth of axillary buds. These range from physiological studies, such as measurement and exogenous application of plant hormones, to analyses of transgenic plants overexpressing hormone biosynthetic genes to alter endogenous hormone levels. Isolation and characterization of mutations that cause alterations in shoot branching patterns are powerful approaches. These molecular genetic approaches combined with the conventional physiological studies, such as grafting experiments, revealed that not only do auxin and cytokinin function to control the growth of axillary buds, but other factors and/or signals also have important roles. More recently, the genes expressed in dormant axillary buds were isolated and characterized.This review focuses on recent findings uncovered by physiological, genetic, and molecular studies and approaches to investigate the control of shoot branching, apical dominance, and dormancy in plants. DEVELOPMENT AND POTENTIAL OF AXILLARY MERISTEMS

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Section: Development and Potential Of Axillary Meristemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Control of Outgrowth and Dormancy in Axillary Buds

2001

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“…The large architectural diversity in terrestrial plants is the result of a variety in growth patterns of terminal, intercalary and lateral meristems (Sussex and Kerk 2001). Although meristematic growth and its fate are controlled by genetic and hormonal signals (Evans and Barton 1997;Nelson 2000;Berleth and Sachs 2001), little information exists about the molecular mechanisms underlying the morphological and/or plant architectural features driven by environmental changes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shoot organization in the seagrass zostera noltii: implications for space occupation and plant architecture

et al. 2005

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The growth pattern of the seagrass Zostera noltii is described through the analysis of the shoot primordium organization within different shoot types using optical and scanning electron microscopy. Both histological approaches showed that Z. noltii shoots are organized by a successive repetition of a unit named ''phytomer'' (shoot primordium, node, internode, root, sheath and leaf), in resemblance with the shoot structure described for land grasses. This study showed that differences among shoot types are determined by two factors: (1) the presence or absence of some of the fundamental parts (mainly shoot primordium) in the ''phytomer'', (2) the evolvement stage of these elements. The branching of Z. noltii was limited by shoot structure and shoot primordium arrangement; in the ''natural'' branching pattern the first axillary shoot branched opposite to the previous branch. Simulation of the topology of a Z. noltii plant using the ''natural'' branching pattern, and its opposite one, with two different branching angles for each pattern, showed that the reduction in the branching angle notably decreases the colonizing efficiency (ca. 25% from 90 to 45°). Changes in the timing of shoot primordium development and/or release, and the optimization of the branching angle in response to external forcing (light, nutrients, density, etc.) may elucidate species-specific differences and colonization strategies with respect to abiotic conditions.

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“…Although in general the plant architecture is the sum of a varied number of physiological and genetic pathways that give rise to a unique appearance for each species (Sussex and Kerk, 2001), the simpoidal branching system (nonapical dominance) of Capsicum genus and development of unique axillary flowers is regulated by the Fasciculata gene, whose recessive (fa) expresses a certain growth with multiple flowers in the axillae (Elitzur et al, 2009). In this investigation the parents and descendants also showed sympoidal branching with development of one or two axillary flowers, this last only for the FB progenitor; and regarding to the plant size, this was affected by the internodes length expressed in plant height and leaf size (Table 3).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Aunque en general la arquitectura de la planta es la suma de un número variado de rutas fisiológicas y genéticas que dan origen a una apariencia única para cada especie (Sussex and Kerk, 2001), el sistema de ramificación simpoidal (no dominancia apical) del genero Capsicum y desarrollo de flores axilares únicas está regulado por el gene Fasciculata, cuyo recesivo (fa) expresa un crecimiento determinado con flores múltiples en las axilas (Elitzur et al, 2009). En la presente investigación los progenitores y descendientes también mostraron ramificación simpoidal con desarrollo de una o dos flores axilares, este último solo para el progenitor FB; y en referencia al porte de la planta este fue afectado por la longitud de entrenudos expresado en la altura de la planta y tamaño de la hoja (Cuadro 3).…”

Section: Resultsunclassified

Caracterización morfológica de híbridos de chile manzano

Arias

Carranza

Estrada

et al. 2017

Remexca

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ResumenEl chile manzano (Capsicum pubescens R y P) cultivado en el centro de México presenta variabilidad genética aprovechable en programas de mejoramiento genético. El objetivo de la investigación fue evaluar dos métodos de hibridación y caracterizar morfológicamente los descendientes F1 de las cruzas entre morfotipos de chile manzano. El experimento se desarrolló de 2012 a 2013 en invernadero con los progenitores identificados como flor blanca (FB), Flor morada-entrenudo largo (FML) y flor morada-entrenudo corto (FMC). Se hibridaron por los métodos "sin corola y "con corola" y la F1 se evaluó a prendimiento de fruto y caracterización morfológica. Los resultados indicaron que la protección de la flor hibridada afectó el prendimiento de fruto en más del 50%. No hubo diferencias significativas entre cruzas directas ni recíprocas (t; p= 0.42), lo que sugiere ausencia de efectos maternos. La posición del estilo tanto en progenitores como en los híbridos fue heteromórfica, con 70-90% al nivel de las anteras. Los variantes de los caracteres color del tallo, color de la corola, color del filamento y color del estilo se encontraron en el progenitor FB y fueron recesivos a los correspondientes de FML y FMC. El porte bajo de la planta AbstractThe manzano pepper (Capsicum pubescens R and P) cultivated in central México shows genetic variability that can be used in breeding programs. The purpose of this research was to evaluate two hybridization methods and to morphologically characterize F1 descendants of crosses between Manzano pepper morphotypes. The experiment was carried out from 2012 to 2013 in greenhouse with the parents identified as white flower (FB), purple flower-long internode (FML) and purple flower-short internode (FMC). They were hybridized by the "with corolla" and "without corolla" methods and the F1 was evaluated for fruit picking and morphological characterization. The results indicated that the protection of the hybridized flower affected fruit picking by more than 50%. There were no significant differences between direct or reciprocal crosses (t; p= 0.42), suggesting no maternal effects. The position of the style in both progenitors and hybrids was heteromorphic, with 70-90% at the anther level. The variants of the characters stem color, corolla color, filament color and style color were found in the FB progenitor and were recessive to the corresponding FML and FMC. The low plant size and smaller leaves present in the FB and FMC progenitors were dominant in826 Rev. Mex. Cienc. Agríc. Vol.8 Núm. 4 16 de mayo -29 de junio, 2017 Brenda Ayala Arias et al.y hojas de menor tamaño presentes en los progenitores FB y FMC fueron dominantes en los híbridos y afectaron negativa y significativamente en el rendimiento de frutos y heterosis. Los resultados sugieren estrategias de mejoramiento genético adicionales en híbridos como selección de segregantes y retrocruzas que mejorar el tamaño del fruto.Palabras claves: Capsicum pubescens, hibridización, morpotipos, variación genética. IntroducciónEl chile manzano (Caps...

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The evolution of plant architecture

Cited by 153 publications

References 19 publications

Control of Outgrowth and Dormancy in Axillary Buds

Control of Outgrowth and Dormancy in Axillary Buds

Shoot organization in the seagrass zostera noltii: implications for space occupation and plant architecture

Caracterización morfológica de híbridos de chile manzano

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