“…For example, in the Galapagos Islands in Ecuador, climate variability, in combination with the adverse effects of COVID-19, has affected the archipelago's tourism sector. This has prompted a cascade of negative consequences on the other sectors of the islands, including fishing and conservation (Escobar-Camacho et al, 2021;Cáceres et al, 2022;Viteri Mejía et al, 2022). Systemic risks triggered in the tourism, fishing, and conservation sectors included a disruption of food supply, the closure of national borders, the prohibition of all national and international tourist arrivals, drastic changes in consumer demands, the closure of restaurants, and requests to use banned fishing techniques (e.g., longlining), among others (Cáceres et al, 2022;Viteri Mejía et al, 2022;Castrejón et al, 2024).…”