The evolution of transgender surgery

Abstract

An estimated 1.4% of the population worldwide has been diagnosed with Gender Dysphoria, as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Gender reassignment, which holistically encompasses psychotherapy, hormonal therapy and genital and nongenital surgeries, is considered the most effective treatment for transgender nonconforming patients afflicted with gender dysphoria. Little research is currently available identifying the psychosocial needs of the transgender population and their access to preventative and primary care during this transitioning process. This article presents an overview of the evolution and current approaches to genital surgical procedures available for both male-to-female, as well as female-to-male gender-affirmation surgeries. Clin. Anat. 31:878-886, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Spectrum of imaging findings in gender-affirming genital surgery: Intraoperative photographs, normal post-operative anatomy, and common complications

“…Scrotoplasty, vaginectomy, and urethral lengthening can be selected by patients as additional components of penile reconstruction. Testicular implants can then be placed as a separate procedure [9]. In the phalloplasty Table 1 Common terminology according to the National LGBT Health Education Center.…”

Beyond the Sex Binary: Toward the Inclusive Anatomical Sciences Education

“…A clinical case study of 5αRD2 deficiency is easily adaptable so that it can be incorporated into a medical program – either as a case study in embryology, cell biology or macroscopic anatomy, or as an example demonstrating the integration of these disciplines and its relevance to clinical practice. While not in the scope of biological diversity, it should also be acknowledged that sex‐defining traits can be changed medically, through a complex intervention that may include surgical intervention, hormonal and psychological therapy (Zurada et al, 2018; Karkazis, 2019).…”

The Transgender Person in the 21st Century: Time for Clinicians of the World to Help!

“…Medicine can now evaluate persons of all ages who are persistently seeking to change the sex they were assigned at birth in which the natal male can become a transgender female and the natal female can become a transgender male. Various medical centers around the world are arising to this challenge and becoming comfortably capable of providing screening protocols, [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] psychological support, hormone treatment, and surgery.…”

“…These include allevia ng the major discrimina on that transgender persons deal with in many places, improving the mental as well as medical health of these persons, and increasing their access [22][23][24][25][26][27] to unbiased as well as comprehensive health care. Research st in concepts of transgender issues will con nue as the 21 century progresses that can help all to understand the best ways to help 20,28,29 the more than 25 million transgender persons in the world.…”