The Evolution to Modern Phased Array Architectures

Herd, J.; Conway, M. David

doi:10.1109/jproc.2015.2494879

Cited by 276 publications

(121 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…DSP facilitates precoding multiple beams in the baseband. • Fully-Connected Hybrid Array: This architecture is also known as overlapped sub-array [16], multibeam active phased array [39], and high definition active antenna system [40]. Similar to SA, the FH architecture uses phase shifters for analog beamforming and DSP for digital beamforming.…”

Section: A Array Architecturesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance, Power, and Area Design Trade-Offs in Millimeter-Wave Transmitter Beamforming Architectures

Han

Ramesh

Gallagher

et al. 2019

IEEE Circuits Syst. Mag.

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Millimeter wave (mmW) communications is viewed as the key enabler of 5G cellular networks due to vast spectrum availability that could boost peak rate and capacity. Due to increased propagation loss in mmW band, transceivers with massive antenna array are required to meet link budget, but their power consumption and cost become limiting factors for commercial systems. Radio designs based on hybrid digital and analog array architectures and the usage of radio frequency (RF) signal processing via phase shifters have emerged as potential solutions to improve radio energy efficiency and deliver performances close to conventional digital antenna arrays. In this paper, we provide an overview of the state-of-the-art mmW massive antenna array designs and comparison among three array architectures, namely digital array, partially-connected hybrid array (sub-array), and fully-connected hybrid array. The comparison of performance, power, and area for these three architectures is performed for three representative 5G downlink use cases, which cover a range of pre-beamforming signal-to-noise-ratios (SNR) and multiplexing regimes. This is the first study to comprehensively model and quantitatively analyze all design aspects and criteria including: 1) optimal linear precoder, 2) impact of quantization error in digital-to-analog converter (DAC) and phase shifters, 3) RF signal distribution network, 4) power and area estimation based on state-of-theart mmW circuits including baseband digital precoding, digital signal distribution network, high-speed DACs, oscillators and mixers, phase shifters, RF signal distribution network, and power amplifiers. Our simulation results show that the fully-digital array is the most power and area efficient compared against optimal design for each architecture. Our analysis shows digital array benefits greatly from multi-user multiplexing. The analysis also reveals that sub-array is limited by reduced beamforming gain due to array partitioning, and system bottleneck of the fullyconnected hybrid architecture is the excessively complicated and power hungry RF signal distribution network.

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Section: A Array Architecturesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance, Power, and Area Design Trade-Offs in Millimeter-Wave Transmitter Beamforming Architectures

Han

Ramesh

Gallagher

et al. 2019

IEEE Circuits Syst. Mag.

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“…In an analog array RF phase shifters and attenuators are used for steering the beam (Herd and Convey, 2016). The performance of RF components are sensitive to temperature and their precision is limited by the quantization or number of bits that are used to represent phase and attenuation.…”

Section: Radar Architecturementioning

confidence: 99%

Airborne polarimetric Doppler weather radar: Trade-offs between various engineering specifications

Vivekanandan

Loew

Tsai

et al. 2016

2016 IEEE International Symposium on Phased Array Systems and Technology (PAST)

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Abstract. NCAR EOL is investigating potential configurations for the next-generation airborne phased array radar (APAR) that is capable of retrieving dynamic and microphysical characteristics of clouds and precipitation. The APAR will operate at C band. The APAR will use the electronic scanning (e-scan) feature to acquire the optimal number of independent samples for recording research-quality measurements. Since the airborne radar has only a limited time for collecting measurements over a specified region (moving aircraft platform ∼ 100 m s −1 ), beam multiplexing will significantly enhance its ability to collect high-resolution, researchquality measurements. Beam multiplexing reduces errors in radar measurements while providing rapid updates of scan volumes. Beamwidth depends on the size of the antenna aperture. Beamwidth and directivity of elliptical, circular, and rectangular antenna apertures are compared and radar sensitivity is evaluated for various polarimetric configurations and transmit-receive (T/R) elements. In the case of polarimetric measurements, alternate transmit with alternate receive (single-channel receiver) and simultaneous reception (dual-channel receiver) is compared. From an overall architecture perspective, element-level digitization of T/R module versus digital sub-array is considered with regard to flexibility in adaptive beamforming, polarimetric performance, calibration, and data quality. Methodologies for calibration of the radar and removing bias in polarimetric measurements are outlined. The above-mentioned engineering options are evaluated for realizing an optimal APAR system suitable for measuring the high temporal and spatial resolutions of Doppler and polarimetric measurements of precipitation and clouds.

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“…Recently, active phased array technology has reached the mature development, and also with the rapid progress in advanced CMOS technology, enabling numerous applications in not only defense industry but also commercial sectors such as automotive radar and high‐speed communication . The transmit/receive module (TRM) plays the most critical role and has a significant impact on the entire cost and weight of active phased array systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…K E Y W O R D S asymmetric cell, bidirectional distributed gain amplifier, CMOS, gain boosting stage 1 | INTRODUCTIONRecently, active phased array technology has reached the mature development, and also with the rapid progress in advanced CMOS technology, enabling numerous applications in not only defense industry but also commercial sectors such as automotive radar and high-speed communication. 1,2 The transmit/receive module (TRM) plays the most critical role and has a significant impact on the entire cost and weight of active phased array systems. Enormous efforts have been putting into the investigation of new topologies for T/R module, which bring the advantages regarding lightweight, low power consumption, small die area, robustness, multifunction, and cost reduction.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A 5.8‐17.6 GHz cascaded bi‐directional distributed gain amplifier utilizing asymmetric stages in 65 nm CMOS

Nguyen

Nam

Lee

et al. 2019

Micro & Optical Tech Letters

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A cascaded bidirectional distributed gain amplifier (BDGA) with asymmetrical stages has been reported. By cascading two unit BDGAs using a common source (CS) stage in the middle, the BDGA benefits the multiplicative gain enhancement while it can still achieve a wide bandwidth owing to the distributed nature of the two BDGAs. Each gain stage of the BDGA is composed of the CS output stage to enhance the linearity in parallel with the cascode input stage to improve noise performance by providing higher gain. The proposed circuit architecture is fabricated in a 65 nm CMOS. The measurements exhibit a gain of 10.5 dB, and the 3‐dB bandwidth from 5.8 to 17.6 GHz. The measured output P1dB is 6.8 dBm along with 9.3 dBm of the saturated output power at 10 GHz. The circuit draws 75 mA from a 1.2 V supply and occupies 1.1 × 0.6 mm2 of the chip area.

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The Evolution to Modern Phased Array Architectures

Cited by 276 publications

References 19 publications

Performance, Power, and Area Design Trade-Offs in Millimeter-Wave Transmitter Beamforming Architectures

Performance, Power, and Area Design Trade-Offs in Millimeter-Wave Transmitter Beamforming Architectures

Airborne polarimetric Doppler weather radar: Trade-offs between various engineering specifications

A 5.8‐17.6 GHz cascaded bi‐directional distributed gain amplifier utilizing asymmetric stages in 65 nm CMOS

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