“…The negative impacts of consumers on their prey (e.g., reduced fitness) can lead to an evolutionary arms race of defense and resistance, whereas positive effects (e.g., dispersal) may select for mutualisms (Ehrlich and Raven, 1964;Howe and Smallwood, 1982;Hererra, 1985;Thompson, 1994) In the case of mast bearing trees, responses to negative impacts (the destruction of seeds) include predator satiation, asynchronous masting, alteration of germination timing, changes in seed size, and chemical defenses (Janzen, 1971;Loehle, 1987;Vander Wall, 2001). The adaptive response by trees to seed predation depends on the number and size of seeds eaten.…”