The Evolutionary Morphology of Tree Gouging in Marmosets

Vinyard, Christopher J.; Wall, Christine E.; Williams, Susan H.; Mork, Amy Lovejoy; Armfield, Brooke A.; Melo, Leonardo César de Oliveira; Valença-Montenegro, Mônica Mafra; Valle, Yumma Bernardo Maranhão; Oliveira, Maria Adélia Borstelmann de; Lucas, Peter W.; Schmitt, Daniel; Taylor, Andrea B.; Hylander, William L.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-0293-1_20

Cited by 60 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…and a minimum estimate of 10deg. (Vinyard et al, 2009) (C.J.V., unpublished data), we found comparable ranges of relative sarcomere lengths during gouging for the anterior superficial masseter (80-120%), anterior temporalis (73%-103%) and middle temporalis (71-102%) (Table4). Focusing on jaw muscles, our marmoset values are similar to estimated sarcomere length ranges during active contraction in the masseter and temporalis of rabbits (Weijs and van der Wielen-Drent, 1983;Weijs et al, 1982) and pigs (Herring et al, 1984) during mastication (Table4).…”

Section: Circumventing Architectural Trade-offs In Marmoset Jaw Musclsupporting

confidence: 57%

“…To provide a range of functionally relevant jaw gapes for studying muscle excursion, we calculated the mean of the largest 10% of jaw gapes during gouging in four common marmosets (X24.2mm; N18) (C.J.V., unpublished data) (see also Vinyard et al, 2009). Based on this mean of the largest gapes and a mean jaw length of 26.2mm in C. jacchus (N16), we converted the linear gape to an angular gape estimate of 55deg.…”

Section: Data Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Gouging trees to elicit exudates is hypothesized to provide marmosets with specific ecological benefits, such as a source of carbohydrates and calcium, a stable food supply and access to an under-exploited food source (Coimbra-Filho and Mittermeier, 1977;Nash, 1986;Power, 1996;Sussman and Kinzey, 1984). These divergent ingestive behaviors between marmosets and tamarins provide a natural experiment for studying the influence of anterior tooth biting on marmoset masticatory apparatus form and function (Taylor and Vinyard, 2004;Taylor et al, 2009a;Taylor et al, 2009b;Vinyard et al, 2003;Vinyard et al, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Laboratory and field studies indicate that when common marmosets gouge trees, they generate relatively wide jaw gapes ( Fig.1) but not necessarily relatively large bite forces (Vinyard et al, 2009). Although bite forces during tree gouging do not approach an animal's maximum biting capability, preliminary in vivo evidence indicates that maximum bite forces during gouging can occur at relatively large jaw gapes (Fig.2).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The morphology of the masticatory apparatus facilitates muscle force production at wide jaw gapes in tree-gouging common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)

Eng

Ward

Vinyard

et al. 2009

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARYCommon marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) generate wide jaw gapes when gouging trees with their anterior teeth to elicit tree exudate flow. Closely related cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) do not gouge trees but share similar diets including exudates. Maximizing jaw opening theoretically compromises the bite forces that marmosets can generate during gouging. To investigate how jaw-muscle architecture and craniofacial position impact muscle performance during gouging, we combine skull and jaw-muscle architectural features to model muscle force production across a range of jaw gapes in these two species. We incorporate joint mechanics, resting sarcomere length and muscle architecture estimates from the masseter and temporalis to model muscle excursion, sarcomere length and relative tension as a function of joint angle. Muscle excursion from occlusion to an estimated maximum functional gape of 55deg. was smaller in all regions of the masseter and temporalis of C. jacchus compared with S. oedipus except the posterior temporalis. As a consequence of reduced muscle excursion distributed over more sarcomeres in series (i.e. longer fibers), sarcomere length operating ranges are smaller in C. jacchus jaw muscles across this range of gapes. This configuration allows C. jacchus to act on a more favorable portion of the length-tension curve at larger gapes and thereby generate relatively greater tension in these muscles compared with S. oedipus. Our results suggest that biting performance during tree gouging in common marmosets is improved by a musculoskeletal configuration that reduces muscle stretch at wide gapes while simultaneously facilitating comparatively large muscle forces at the extremes of jaw opening.

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Section: Circumventing Architectural Trade-offs In Marmoset Jaw Musclsupporting

confidence: 57%

Section: Data Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

The morphology of the masticatory apparatus facilitates muscle force production at wide jaw gapes in tree-gouging common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)

Eng

Ward

Vinyard

et al. 2009

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…Marmosets are small-bodied Neotropical monkeys and committed arboreal quadrupeds (Stevenson and Rylands, 1988;Garber, 1992;Rylands and de Faria, 1993;Souto et al, 2007). Through adaptation to facilitate gumnivory on large vertical tree trunks, marmosets have become quite derived relative to other primates (Lacher et al, 1984;Sussman and Kinzey, 1984;Garber, 1992;Hamrick, 1998;Vinyard et al, 2009;Young, 2009;Smith and Smith, 2013). In contrast to most other extant primates, marmosets have claw-like tegulae, rather than flat nails, on all digits except the hallux, and have a relatively short, adducted hallux with diminished intrinsic musculature (Beattie, 1927;Midlo, 1934;Szalay and Dagosto, 1988;Hamrick, 1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of support diameter and compliance on common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) gait kinematics

Young

Stricklen

Chadwell

2016

Journal of Experimental Biology

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Locomotion is precarious in an arboreal habitat, where supports can vary in both diameter and level of compliance. Several previous studies have evaluated the influence of substrate diameter on the locomotor performance of arboreal quadrupeds. The influence of substrate compliance, however, has been mostly unexamined. Here, we used a multifactorial experimental design to investigate how perturbations in both diameter and compliance affect the gait kinematics of marmosets (Callithrix jacchus; N=2) moving over simulated arboreal substrates. We used 3D-calibrated video to quantify marmoset locomotion over a horizontal trackway consisting of variably sized poles (5, 2.5 and 1.25 cm in diameter), analyzing a total of 120 strides. The central portion of the trackway was either immobile or mounted on compliant foam blocks, depending on condition. We found that narrowing diameter and increasing compliance were both associated with relatively longer substrate contact durations, though adjustments to diameter were often inconsistent relative to compliance-related adjustments. Marmosets also responded to narrowing diameter by reducing speed, flattening center of mass (CoM) movements and dampening support displacement on the compliant substrate. For the subset of strides on the compliant support, we found that speed, contact duration and CoM amplitude explained >60% of the variation in substrate displacement over a stride, suggesting a direct performance advantage to these kinematic adjustments. Overall, our results show that compliant substrates can exert a significant influence on gait kinematics. Substrate compliance, and not just support diameter, should be considered a critical environmental variable when evaluating locomotor performance in arboreal quadrupeds.

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