The examination of behavior inhibition system sensitivity, experiential avoidance, and sex in relation to post-traumatic stress symptom severity: Comparison of a moderated versus mediated model

Warnke, A; Nagy, Samantha; Pickett, Scott M.; Jarrett, Nicole L.; Hunsanger, Jillian A.

doi:10.1016/j.paid.2018.05.019

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…The literature on gender differences in PTSD would suggest that women are higher risk of developing PTSD (Tolin & Foa, 2006; Vishnevsky et al, 2010), as well as report broader emotion regulation difficulties (Nolen-Hoeksema & Aldao, 2011), but there is very limited research on gender differences specific to EA and PTS. Warnke, Nagy, Pickett, Jarrett, and Hunsanger (2018) found sex differences in the relationship between EA and PTSD, such that the relationship was strengthened for women, which is contrary to the current study’s findings. Warnke and colleagues (2018) cautiously interpreted their findings within the context of gender roles, suggesting that sex differences in EA may be convoluted by social factors regarding gender differences in emotional expression, such that the relationship between EA and PTS may be weaker for men simply due to underreporting of these emotional difficulties and thus less reported negative emotions to avoid.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

“…Warnke, Nagy, Pickett, Jarrett, and Hunsanger (2018) found sex differences in the relationship between EA and PTSD, such that the relationship was strengthened for women, which is contrary to the current study’s findings. Warnke and colleagues (2018) cautiously interpreted their findings within the context of gender roles, suggesting that sex differences in EA may be convoluted by social factors regarding gender differences in emotional expression, such that the relationship between EA and PTS may be weaker for men simply due to underreporting of these emotional difficulties and thus less reported negative emotions to avoid. Given that males reported relatively similar levels of EA ( M = 20.62, SD = 9.54) compared to females in the study ( M = 21.00, SD = 10.55), the current findings may support the notion that males may not engage in EA more or less than females, but due to social norms that pressure them to suppress their emotionality, the effect of EA is stronger, which may lead to more PTS.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

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Experiential avoidance as a mediator in the relationship between shame and posttraumatic stress disorder: The effect of gender.

Leonard¹,

Ellis²

2020

Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy

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Objective: The current study sought to investigate whether experiential avoidance (EA) mediates the effect of shame on posttraumatic symptoms (PTS) in a population of trauma-exposed individuals. Given demonstrated gender differences in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the current cross-sectional study also sought to examine whether gender moderates this mediational proposed effect. EA has been shown to mediate shame and depression symptoms, suggesting that the unwillingness to feel and/or the attempt to control shame may be an important factor in later psychopathological symptoms. Furthermore, EA appears to influence PTS over time. Method: Trauma-exposed undergraduates (n = 326, 68.8% male, Mage = 19.35, SD = 2.30) at a large Midwestern university completed measures of shame, EA, and PTS. Results: EA was found to fully mediate the relationship between shame and PTS. The role of gender was mixed as it moderated the relationship between EA and PTS such that the effect of EA is stronger for men than women; however, when analyzed with more robust methods, the effect of gender was no longer significant. A competing, flipped mediational model was run to further assess the direction of hypothesized relationships, but shame was not a significant mediator of EA and PTSD symptoms. Conclusions: Results provide further evidence for the centrality of EA in maintaining PTS and suggest targeting EA rather than shame in treatment as an avenue for intervention. Future research is needed to investigate gender differences in engagement in EA.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Experiential avoidance as a mediator in the relationship between shame and posttraumatic stress disorder: The effect of gender.

Leonard¹,

Ellis²

2020

Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy

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“…Some studies con rm this hypothesis. Warnke et al (9) reported that experiential avoidance serving as the mediator between behavior inhibition sensitivity and post-traumatic stress. Williams et al (10) also found that BIS system correlated with emotion-and avoidance-focused coping strategies and this relationship was mediated by cognitive appraisal.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Etiological and Maintenance Model of Perfectionism

Pourshahbaz

Moloodi

Mohammadkhani

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Background: The present study aimed to test a model of perfectionism investigating parenting style, early maladaptive schemas and sensitivity to reinforcement theory. Methods: A general population sample (n=384), and a clinical sample consisting of individuals with major depressive disorder (n=40), social anxiety disorder (n=35), obsessive compulsive disorder (n=39), and eating disorders (n=38) completed measures of parenting, early maladaptive schemas, perfectionism, inhibition/approach system, avoidance and overcompensation coping styles, and psychological distress.Results: The path analysis indicated that the model fits with data from both samples. Conclusion: The results inidicate that future research should further investigate a range of variables to further understand perfectionism.

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“…Women are more likely to be affected by their emotions under stress. Emotional disorder, as an intermediary variable, is more likely to affect female behavioral inhibition, and experience avoidance is activated as a negative emotion regulation strategy to reduce the persistence of exercise behavior, thus resulting in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) [ 23 ]. Therefore, women's sports behavior in endurance sports is more likely to be affected by mental toughness shown in emotions and attention.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On Mindfulness Training for Promoting Mental Toughness of Female College Students in Endurance Exercise

Wang

Jing

Yang

2021

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

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Objective. The aim of this study was to examine the promoting effects of mindfulness training on female college students’ mental toughness in endurance exercise. Methods. A cluster sampling method was used to select 60 female college students as subjects. Based on the body mass index (BMI), stratified randomization was used to divide them into the mindfulness-training group and the control group. Participants in mindfulness-training group had an 8-week mindfulness training, while participants in control group waited. Before and after training, Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) and Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) were used for pretest and posttest, and paired t-test and covariance analysis were performed on pretest and posttest between-group data. Results. (1) Paired t-test results showed the posttest scores (26.67 ± 3.56; 20.97 ± 3.66; 126.53 ± 8.59) of the three dimensions of description, nonresponse and FFMQ total score of the mindfulness-training group were higher than the pretest scores (25.53 ± 3.74; 19.23 ± 3.59; 121.43 ± 6.78). Statistical significance was shown in their differences (t = −2.25; −2.70; −3.25, p < 0.05 ). However, there was no statistical significance in the pretest and posttest of control group. The covariance analyses showed the posttest scores of the mindfulness-training group in three dimensions of description, nonresponse, and FFMQ were higher than the posttest scores of the control group. Statistical significance was shown in their differences (F = 6.55; 6.08; 5.91; p < 0.05 ). (2) Paired t-test showed posttest scores (46.50 ± 5.93; 30.40 ± 3.75; 15.00 ± 2.34) were significantly higher than pretest scores (42.60 ± 7.68; 26.50 ± 4.32; 12.87 ± 2.51) in all dimensions of the mental toughness of the mindfulness-training group. Statistical significance was shown in their differences (t = −3.135, −4.765, −4.922, p < 0.01 ). However, there was no significant difference in the pretest and posttest scores in all dimensions of the mental toughness of the control group. The covariance analysis showed that the posttest scores of all dimensions of the mental toughness of the mindfulness-training group were higher than those of the control group, and the differences were statistically significant (F = 11.133, 12.101, 16.053, all p < 0.001 ). (3) Paired t-test showed that the posttest score of the mindfulness-training group on exercise intensity perception immediately after 800-meter endurance run (5.67 ± 2.61) was lower than the pretest score (7.03 ± 1.24) and the difference was statistically significant (t = 4.18, p < 0.001 ), while the difference was not statistically significant in the control group. The covariance analysis showed that the posttest score of the mindfulness-training group on exercise intensity perception was lower than that of the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (F = 15.81, p < 0.001 ). Conclusion. Mindfulness training improved the level of female college students’ mindfulness and mental toughness in their endurance sports, while reducing the fatigue feeling of female college students in endurance sports.

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The examination of behavior inhibition system sensitivity, experiential avoidance, and sex in relation to post-traumatic stress symptom severity: Comparison of a moderated versus mediated model

Cited by 7 publications

References 39 publications

Experiential avoidance as a mediator in the relationship between shame and posttraumatic stress disorder: The effect of gender.

Experiential avoidance as a mediator in the relationship between shame and posttraumatic stress disorder: The effect of gender.

An Etiological and Maintenance Model of Perfectionism

On Mindfulness Training for Promoting Mental Toughness of Female College Students in Endurance Exercise

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