The excretion of two virulent strains of African swine fever virus by domestic pigs

Greig, A. S.; Plowright, W.

doi:10.1017/s0022172400042613

Cited by 56 publications

(30 citation statements)

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“…Other isolates required at least 10 5 HAD 50 to produce any persistent infection (Plowright, 1981). Concerning the involvement of Ornithodoros ticks in the domestic cycle, these results are compatible with virus kinetics monitored in susceptible pigs experimentally infected by ASFV isolates (Edwards, 1985;Ekue, 1989;Greig, 1970). Conversely, concerning the role of Ornithodoros ticks in the parallel sylvatic cycle, these figures suggest that a viremia in warthogs of at least 10 3 -10 4 HAD 50 /ml would be necessary to infect ticks, which has never been recorded in free living adult warthogs (Heuschele, 1969;.…”

Section: Tick-domestic Pig Interactionssupporting

confidence: 75%

Scientific review on African Swine Fever

Sánchez‐Vizcaíno

Martínez‐López

Martínez‐Avilés

et al. 2009

EFS3

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The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as authors. In accordance with Article 36 of Regulation (EC) No 178/2002, this task has been carried out exclusively by the authors in the context of a grant agreement between the European Food Safety Authority and the authors. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the European Food Safety Authority is subject. It may not be considered as an output adopted by EFSA. EFSA reserves its rights, view and position as regards the issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors. The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as authors. In accordance with Article 36 of Regulation (EC) No 178/2002, this task has been carried out exclusively by the authors in the context of a grant agreement between the European Food Safety Authority and the authors. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the European Food Safety Authority is subject. It may not be considered as an output adopted by EFSA. EFSA reserves its rights, view and position as regards the issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.Page 3 DEFINITION and DISTRIBUTIONAfrican Swine Fever (ASF) is caused by a complex DNA virus classified in the Asfarviridae family, genus Asfivirus, which infects different species of soft ticks and wild and domestic pigs. In the vertebrate hosts, the aetiological agent replicates preferentially in monocyte and macrophage cells and causes a range of symdromes and lesions from peracute to chronic and unapparent forms of disease.Actually, it is one of the most important diseases of domestic pigs, being of an exceptional seriousness, which can easily spread abroad and for which sanitary and socio-economical consequences have a significant impact on the national and international trade of animals and animal products. For this reason, it is listed as a Notifiable disease to the World Animal HealthOrganisation (OIE). At present there is no treatment or vaccine available, and control is based on rapid laboratory diagnosis and the enforcement of strict sanitary measures (Sanchez-Vizcaino, 2006). The virus has been maintained in African wild swine for a very long time: in eastern and southern Africa it is found in warthogs (Phacochoerus aethiopicus) and bushpigs (Potamochoerus porcus) also it is found in soft ticks of Ornithodoros genus. The wild swine in Africa can stay infected over a long period without showing any symptom of the disease -and thus can be considered as natural reservoirs of the disease, in contrast to the European wild boar (Sus scrofa) which appear to be highly susceptible (McVicar et al., 1988). The virus can be transmitted between O. moubata ticks by trans-stadial transmission as well as by sexual and trans-ovarian pathway, in contrast to O. erraticus in Europe where only trans...

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Section: Tick-domestic Pig Interactionssupporting

confidence: 75%

Scientific review on African Swine Fever

Sánchez‐Vizcaíno

Martínez‐López

Martínez‐Avilés

et al. 2009

EFS3

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“…The virus can be found in a wide range of tissues and secretions, including feces and urine, from clinically affected pigs (Greig and Plowright 1970; Plowright et al 1994; Davies et al 2015). The highest viral loads are found in blood (Blome et al 2013).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

African swine fever outbreak on a medium-sized farm in Uganda: biosecurity breaches and within-farm virus contamination

Chenais

Lewerin

Boqvist

et al. 2016

Trop Anim Health Prod

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In Uganda, a low-income country in east Africa, African swine fever (ASF) is endemic with yearly outbreaks. In the prevailing smallholder subsistence farming systems, farm biosecurity is largely non-existent. Outbreaks of ASF, particularly in smallholder farms, often go unreported, creating significant epidemiological knowledge gaps. The continuous circulation of ASF in smallholder settings also creates biosecurity challenges for larger farms. In this study, an on-going outbreak of ASF in an endemic area was investigated on farm level, including analyses of on-farm environmental virus contamination. The study was carried out on a medium-sized pig farm with 35 adult pigs and 103 piglets or growers at the onset of the outbreak. Within 3 months, all pigs had died or were slaughtered. The study included interviews with farm representatives as well as biological and environmental sampling. ASF was confirmed by the presence of ASF virus (ASFV) genomic material in biological (blood, serum) and environmental (soil, water, feed, manure) samples by real-time PCR. The ASFV-positive biological samples confirmed the clinical assessment and were consistent with known virus characteristics. Most environmental samples were found to be positive. Assessment of farm biosecurity, interviews, and the results from the biological and environmental samples revealed that breaches and non-compliance with biosecurity protocols most likely led to the introduction and within-farm spread of the virus. The information derived from this study provides valuable insight regarding the implementation of biosecurity measures, particularly in endemic areas.

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“…Affected animals exhibit fever (41-42°C) and anorexia followed by congestion and cyanosis of the skin, increased respiratory and heart rates, nasal discharge, incoordination, vomiting and, finally, coma and death. Survival times for animals infected with African ASFV strains range from 2 to 9 days (Conceicao 1949;Creig and Plowright 1970;Haresnape et al 1988;Mendes 1961;Thomson et al 1979). Typical pathological findings in acute ASF include leukopenia (Detray and Scott 1957;Edwards et al 1985;Wardley and Wilkinson 1977), B and T cell lymphopenia (Sánchez Vizcaino et al 1981;Wardley and Wilkinson 1980), thrombocytopenia (Anderson et al 1987;Edwards 1983;Edwards et al 1985), lymphocyte and mononuclear cell apoptosis (Carrasco et al 1996;Gomez-Villamandos et al 1995;Oura et al 1998c;Ramiro-Ibañez et al 1996;Salguero et al 2004), hemorrhage in lymph nodes, spleen, kidneys, and respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, congestion of skin and serosae, and severe interlobular lung edema (DeKock et al 1994;Detray 1963;Konno et al 1972;Manso Ribeiro and Rosa Azevedo 1961;Maurer et al 1958;Montgomery 1921;Nunes Petisca 1965;Steyn 1928Steyn , 1932.…”

Section: Asfv-host Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

African Swine Fever Virus

Tulman

Delhon

et al. 2009

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology

135

117

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African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a large, intracytoplasmicallyreplicating DNA arbovirus and the sole member of the family Asfarviridae . It is the etiologic agent of a highly lethal hemorrhagic disease of domestic swine and therefore extensively studied to elucidate the structures, genes, and mechanisms affecting viral replication in the host, virus-host interactions, and viral virulence. Increasingly apparent is the complexity with which ASFV replicates and interacts with the host cell during infection. ASFV encodes novel genes

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The excretion of two virulent strains of African swine fever virus by domestic pigs

Cited by 56 publications

References 5 publications

Scientific review on African Swine Fever

Scientific review on African Swine Fever

African swine fever outbreak on a medium-sized farm in Uganda: biosecurity breaches and within-farm virus contamination

African Swine Fever Virus

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