“…This model stipulates how the CAF models will work together to generate enough evidence to measure the construct under investigation (Almond, Mislevy, Steinberg, Yan, & Williamson, 2015). There are proposals to expand ECD by incorporating learning into the four models to form an expanded ECD or e-ECD, although they have not been actualised (Arieli-Attali, Ward, Thomas, Deonovic, & Davier, 2019).…”