The expanding field of polyphosphazene high polymers

Allcock, Harry R.

doi:10.1039/c5dt03887a

Cited by 83 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…Polyphosphazenes are commonly synthesized via a two-step reaction process starting from the commercially available cyclic trimer hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCCTP). The first step involves the synthesis of linear PDCP which can be achieved via the controlled thermal ring opening polymerization of cyclic trimer at 250°C under vacuum [4, 10, 15, 21, 32, 37, 39, 40, 42, 44, 49, 56, 58-60]. This reaction is usually carried out under vacuum in a sealed glass tube at high temperatures; typically 250 °C for several hours.…”

Section: Synthesis Of Polyphosphazene – Mechanisms Of Polymerizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1). Efficient control of temperature is important for complete polymerization since Cl cleavage is minimal at temperature far below 250°C [5, 10, 32, 39, 40, 44, 61]. Significant crosslinking may occur when 250°C is exceeded [10].…”

Section: Synthesis Of Polyphosphazene – Mechanisms Of Polymerizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Chemical and physical properties are largely dependent upon the type of side groups attached to the polyphosphazene backbone. Incorporation of different side groups can alter the degradation rate and mechanical properties of the polymer [4, 9, 28, 32, 39-41]. For example, amino acid ester side groups will instigate hydrolysis within the polymer backbone [5, 9, 32, 40, 42] while there is a retardation of hydrolysis in the presence of hydrophobic phenylphenoxy side groups [4, 8, 15, 19, 43].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Incorporation of different side groups can alter the degradation rate and mechanical properties of the polymer [4, 9, 28, 32, 39-41]. For example, amino acid ester side groups will instigate hydrolysis within the polymer backbone [5, 9, 32, 40, 42] while there is a retardation of hydrolysis in the presence of hydrophobic phenylphenoxy side groups [4, 8, 15, 19, 43]. Unlike the polyester family, amino acid ethyl ester substituted polyphosphazenes undergo hydrolysis generating non-toxic and buffering degradation products composed mainly of phosphate, ammonia, and corresponding side groups [10, 23, 39, 44-47].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Unlike the polyester family, amino acid ethyl ester substituted polyphosphazenes undergo hydrolysis generating non-toxic and buffering degradation products composed mainly of phosphate, ammonia, and corresponding side groups [10, 23, 39, 44-47]. Therefore, the substitution of both amino acid ester groups and hydrophobic groups into the polyphosphazene backbone provides a tremendous influence on the required degradation pattern for a specific application [4, 7, 15, 18, 19, 26, 28, 32, 48, 49]. Furthermore, Laurencin and coworkers have demonstrated that the mechanical properties of the PPHOS can be improved by substituting in bulkier side groups such as phenylphenoxy into the backbone[10, 23, 28, 39, 41, 47, 50].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biodegradable Polyphosphazene-Based Blends for Regenerative Engineering

Ogueri

Ivirico

Nair

et al. 2017

Regen. Eng. Transl. Med.

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The occurrence of musculoskeletal tissue injury or disease and the subsequent functional impairment is at an alarming rate. It continues to be one of the most challenging problems in the human health care. Regenerative engineering offers a promising transdisciplinary strategy for tissues regeneration based on the convergence of tissue engineering, advanced materials science, stem cell science, developmental biology and clinical translation. Biomaterials are emerging as extracellular-mimicking matrices designed to provide instructive cues to control cell behavior and ultimately, be applied as therapies to regenerate damaged tissues. Biodegradable polymers constitute an attractive class of biomaterials for the development of scaffolds due to their flexibility in chemistry and the ability to be excreted or resorbed by the body. Herein, the focus will be on biodegradable polyphosphazene-based blend systems. The synthetic flexibility of polyphosphazene, combined with the unique inorganic backbone, has provided a springboard for more research and subsequent development of numerous novel materials that are capable of forming miscible blends with poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLAGA). Laurencin and co-workers has demonstrated the exploitation of the synthetic flexibility of Polyphosphazene that will allow the design of novel polymers, which can form miscible blends with PLAGA for biomedical applications. These novel blends, due to their well-tuned biodegradability, and mechanical and biological properties coupled with the buffering capacity of the degradation products, constitute ideal materials for regeneration of various musculoskeletal tissues. Lay Summary Regenerative engineering aims to regenerate complex tissues to address the clinical challenge of organ damage. Tissue engineering has largely focused on the restoration and repair of individual tissues and organs, but over the past 25 years, scientific, engineering, and medical advances have led to the introduction of this new approach which involves the regeneration of complex tissues and biological systems such as a knee or a whole limb. While a number of excellent advanced biomaterials have been developed, the choice of biomaterials, however, has increased over the past years to include polymers that can be designed with a range of mechanical properties, degradation rates, and chemical functionality. The polyphosphazenes are one good example. Their chemical versatility and hydrogen bonding capability encourages blending with other biologically relevant polymers. The further development of Polyphosphazene-based blends will present a wide spectrum of advanced biomaterials that can be used as scaffolds for regenerative engineering and as well as other biomedical applications.

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Section: Synthesis Of Polyphosphazene – Mechanisms Of Polymerizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Synthesis Of Polyphosphazene – Mechanisms Of Polymerizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Biodegradable Polyphosphazene-Based Blends for Regenerative Engineering

Ogueri

Ivirico

Nair

et al. 2017

Regen. Eng. Transl. Med.

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Polyphosphazene Polymer

Ogueri

Allcock

Laurencin

2019

Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology

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Polyphosphazenes are a unique class of inorganic–organic hybrid polymers with a backbone composed of alternating phosphorus and nitrogen atoms. The ease with which the precursor prepolymer poly(dichlorophosphazene) can be modified has resulted in a versatile polymer system. The labile nature of the P−Cl bonds has allowed the substitution of chlorine atoms with groups like alkoxy‐, aryloxy, alkyl ether, fluoroalkoxy, amino acid/peptide esters, drug molecules, transition metal groups, and many more. Careful selection of the side groups offers efficient control of material properties such as bioactivity, crystallinity, solubility, and surface characteristics. Hence, these properties have led to the use of this exceptional class of polymers in a broad range of applications such as biomaterials for regenerative engineering and drug delivery, elastomers, solid membranes for gas/liquid separation, optical materials, flame retardants, and electrolytes for energy storage cells. This article gives an overview of the synthetic routes of polyphosphazene polymers and their composition–structure–properties relationships and highlights their applications in various fields.

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Main‐Chain, Phosphorus‐Based Polymers

Dück

Gates

2017

Main Group Strategies Towards Functional Hybrid Materials

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The expanding field of polyphosphazene high polymers

Cited by 83 publications

References 60 publications

Biodegradable Polyphosphazene-Based Blends for Regenerative Engineering

Biodegradable Polyphosphazene-Based Blends for Regenerative Engineering

Polyphosphazene Polymer

Main‐Chain, Phosphorus‐Based Polymers

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