The expected effect of a combination of agents: the general solution

Berenbaum, M. C.

doi:10.1016/s0022-5193(85)80176-4

Cited by 485 publications

(315 citation statements)

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“…A cumulative risk magnitude score was then calculated for each plume water type ( Figure 3B, hereafter Magnitude Score or MS CCx ) by normalising across plume water type (Equations (2) and (3)). Concentration addition has been suggested as the "general solution" to the problem of calculating an expected quantitative effect for any combination of agents, and when their mechanisms of action are unknown [20,[87][88][89].…”

Section: Coral Monitoring Programsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating the Exposure of Coral Reefs and Seagrass Meadows to Land-Sourced Contaminants in River Flood Plumes of the Great Barrier Reef: Validating a Simple Satellite Risk Framework with Environmental Data

et al. 2016

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River runoff and associated flood plumes (hereafter river plumes) are a major source of land-sourced contaminants to the marine environment, and are a significant threat to coastal and marine ecosystems worldwide. Remote sensing monitoring products have been developed to map the spatial extent, composition and frequency of occurrence of river plumes in the Great Barrier Reef (GBR), Australia. There is, however, a need to incorporate these monitoring products into Risk Assessment Frameworks as management decision tools. A simple Satellite Risk Framework has been recently proposed to generate maps of potential risk to seagrass and coral reef ecosystems in the GBR focusing on the Austral tropical wet season. This framework was based on a "magnitudeˆlikelihood" risk management approach and GBR plume water types mapped from satellite imagery. The GBR plume water types (so called "Primary" for the inshore plume waters, "Secondary" for the midshelf-plume waters and "Tertiary" for the offshore plume waters) represent distinct concentrations and combinations of land-sourced and marine contaminants. The current study aimed to test and refine the methods of the Satellite Risk Framework. It compared predicted pollutant concentrations in plume water types (multi-annual average from 2005-2014) to published ecological thresholds, and combined this information with similarly long-term measures of seagrass and coral ecosystem health. The Satellite Risk Framework and newly-introduced multi-annual risk scores were successful in demonstrating where water conditions were, on average, correlated to adverse biological responses. Seagrass meadow abundance (multi-annual change in % cover) was negatively correlated to the multi-annual risk score at the site level (R 2 = 0.47, p < 0.05). Relationships between multi-annual risk scores and multi-annual changes in proportional macroalgae cover (as an index for coral reef health) were more complex (R 2 = 0.04, p > 0.05), though reefs incurring higher risk scores showed relatively higher proportional macroalgae cover. Multi-annual risk score thresholds associated with loss of seagrass cover were defined, with lower risk scores (ď0.2) associated with a gain or little loss in seagrass cover (gain/´12%), medium risk scores (0.2-0.4) associated with moderate loss (´12/´30%) and higher risk scores (>0.4) with the greatest loss in cover (>´30%). These thresholds were used to generate an intermediate river plume risk map specifically for seagrass meadows of the GBR. An intermediate river plume risk map for coral reefs was also developed by considering a multi-annual risk score threshold of 0.2-above which a higher proportion of macroalgae within the algal communities can be expected. These findings contribute to a long-term and adaptive approach to set relevant risk framework and thresholds for adverse biological responses in the GBR. The ecological thresholds and risk scores used in this study will be refined and validated through ongoing monitoring and assessment. As uncertainties are red...

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Section: Coral Monitoring Programsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating the Exposure of Coral Reefs and Seagrass Meadows to Land-Sourced Contaminants in River Flood Plumes of the Great Barrier Reef: Validating a Simple Satellite Risk Framework with Environmental Data

et al. 2016

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“…According to many reviews of the field the non-uniform and inconsistent use of terms used to label combination effects has been a main reason for confusion and misunderstandings [1][2][3][4][5]. Table 1 gives an overview on terms that have been used in the literature.…”

Section: Consequences From Co-existence Of Concepts -Confusion Of Termentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Berenbaum [4] showed that the concept of concentration addition equals the concept of effect summation for linear and the concept of independent action for exponential dose-response-curves leading him to the judgement that concentration addition is the general solution in combined effect analysis. Christensen and Chen [27] gave proof that for Weibull-type dose-response curves concentration addition always predicts greater combined effects than independent action in case of steep curves (steeper than exponential) and vice versa for flat curves.…”

Section: Interrelationships and The Importance Of Concentration-respomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Meanwhile several text books and reviews on the topic have been written [e.g. 1,2,3], proposals to unify and standardize methods and terminology were brought forward [4,5], experimental evidence was systematically produced [6,7,8,9], and corresponding improvements of chemical risk management have been suggested (see [10,11,12] for compilations). However, there is still ambiguity with respect to the need of addressing combined effects and what scientific concept should be taken as basis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The scientific assessment of combined effects of risk factors: different approaches in experimental biosciences and epidemiology

Boedeker¹,

Backhaus

2010

Eur J Epidemiol

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To cite this version:Wolfgang Boedeker, Thomas Backhaus. The scientific assessment of combined effects of risk factors: different approaches in experimental biosciences and epidemiology. European Journal of Epidemiology, Springer Verlag, 2010, 25 (8) Abstract (233 words)The analysis of combined effects of substances or risk factors has been a subject to science for more than a century. With different goals, combined effect analysis was addressed in almost all experimental biosciences. The major theoretical foundation can be traced back to two distinct origins. First, to the work by the pharmacologist Loewe on the concept of concentration additivity and second to the biometrician Bliss and the concept of independent action. In the search for a general solution and a unified terminology the interrelations of the concepts have extensively been studied and experimental findings reviewed. Meanwhile there seems to be consensus in experimental sciences that each concept has its role in predicting combined effect of agents and both are used for hazard und risk management.In contrast, epidemiologists describe combined effects mainly in terms of interactions in regression models. Although this approach started from a probabilistic model equivalent to the concept of independent action this origin is rarely acknowledged and effect summation is usually the preferred concept nowadays. Obscure biological meaning, the scale dependency of interaction terms as well as unavoidable residual confounding are taken as reasons why no new insights in combined effect analysis are likely to occur from epidemiology.In this paper we sketch the history of ideas and the state of the arts in combined effect analysis. We point to differences and common grounds in experimental biosciences and epidemiology.

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“…The same model may be useful in predicting the toxicity from exposure to the known chemicals, including the THMs, which could then be contrasted with the toxicity observed from exposure to the whole mixture. The model is based on one definition of additivity given by Berenbaum (1985), that is, in a combination of c chemicals, let d i represent the concentration/dose of the ith component alone that yields a fixed response and let D xi represent the concentration/dose of the ith component in combination with the c agents that yields the same response. According to this definition, if the substances combine under dose addition (with no interaction effects), then…”

Section: Potential Risk Assessment Uses Of the Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a research strategy for integrated technology-based toxicological and chemical evaluation of complex mixtures of drinking water disinfection byproducts.

Simmons

Richardson

Speth

et al. 2002

Environ Health Perspect

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Chemical disinfection of water is a major public health triumph of the 20th century. Dramatic decreases in both morbidity and mortality of waterborne diseases are a direct result of water disinfection. With these important public health benefits comes low-level, chronic exposure to a very large number of disinfection byproducts (DBPs), chemicals formed through reaction of the chemical disinfectant with naturally occurring inorganic and organic material in the source water. This article provides an overview of joint research planning by scientists residing within the various organizations of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development. The purpose is to address concerns related to potential health effects from exposure to DBPs that cannot be addressed directly from toxicological studies of individual DBPs or simple DBP mixtures. Two factors motivate the need for such an investigation of complex mixtures of DBPs: a) a significant amount of the material that makes up the total organic halide and total organic carbon portions of the DBPs has not been identified; and b) epidemiologic data, although not conclusive, are suggestive of potential developmental, reproductive, or carcinogenic health effects in humans exposed to DBPs. The plan is being developed and the experiments necessary to determine the feasibility of its implementation are being

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The expected effect of a combination of agents: the general solution

Cited by 485 publications

References 49 publications

Estimating the Exposure of Coral Reefs and Seagrass Meadows to Land-Sourced Contaminants in River Flood Plumes of the Great Barrier Reef: Validating a Simple Satellite Risk Framework with Environmental Data

Estimating the Exposure of Coral Reefs and Seagrass Meadows to Land-Sourced Contaminants in River Flood Plumes of the Great Barrier Reef: Validating a Simple Satellite Risk Framework with Environmental Data

The scientific assessment of combined effects of risk factors: different approaches in experimental biosciences and epidemiology

Development of a research strategy for integrated technology-based toxicological and chemical evaluation of complex mixtures of drinking water disinfection byproducts.

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