The Experience of Minority Faculty Who Are Underrepresented in Medicine, at 26 Representative U.S. Medical Schools

Pololi, Linda H.; Evans, Arthur T.; Gibbs, Brian K.; Krupat, Edward; Brennan, Robert T.; Civian, Janet T.

doi:10.1097/acm.0b013e31829eefff

Cited by 142 publications

(107 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The deans of these schools agreed to participate personally in the LAN, and to have their faculty confidentially interviewed (Interview Study [1][2][3][4][5][6]8 ) and surveyed (National Faculty Survey 7,15,24 ). With instructions about the need for diversity in LAN membership, the dean of each participating school submitted a list of potential faculty members, from which the LAN Development Team selected 3 per school.…”

Section: School Selection and Lan Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparing Culture Change Agents for Academic Medicine in a Multi-Institutional Consortium: The C - Change Learning Action Network

Pololi

Krupat

Schnell

et al. 2013

Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions

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Section: School Selection and Lan Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparing Culture Change Agents for Academic Medicine in a Multi-Institutional Consortium: The C - Change Learning Action Network

Pololi

Krupat

Schnell

et al. 2013

Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions

Self Cite

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“…Nationally, African-Americans, Native Americans, Hispanics/Latinos, and Mainland Puerto Ricans make up 31% of the U.S. population [1]. Minorities account for only 7.4% of medical school faculty, 8.6% of dental school faculty, and <10% of nursing school faulty [5,6,7]. In turning to minority representation in research, Blacks constitute less than 1.0% of researchers with NIH grants [8,9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health and Health Care Disparities: The Effect of Social and Environmental Factors on Individual and Population Health

Thomas

2014

IJERPH

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Recently the existence and prevalence of health and health care disparities has increased with accompanying research showing that minorities (African Americans, Hispanics/Latinos, Native Americans, and Pacific Islanders) are disproportionately affected resulting in poorer health outcomes compared to non-minority populations (whites). This is due to multiple factors including and most importantly the social determinants of health which includes lower levels of education, overall lower socioeconomic status, inadequate and unsafe housing, and living in close proximity to environmental hazards; all contributing to poor health. Given the ever widening gap in health and health care disparities, the growing number of individuals living at or below the poverty level, the low number of college graduates and the growing shortage of health care professionals (especially minority) the goals of this paper are to: (1) Define diversity and inclusion as interdependent entities. (2) Review the health care system as it relates to barriers/problems within the system resulting in the unequal distribution of quality health care. (3) Examine institutional and global benefits of increasing diversity in research. (4) Provide recommendations on institutional culture change and developing a diverse culturally competent healthcare workforce.

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“…4 Factors such as constrained economic resources, fewer opportunities for academic preparation, and less access to social capital, as well as overt (i.e., ''explicit'') race bias, hinder the advancement of blacks in academic science and medicine. 3,[5][6][7][8] In addition, a large body of theoretically sound, experimentally tested evidence makes a compelling case that the mere existence of race stereotypes leads to unconscious or ''implicit'' bias. 9,10 Implicit bias is prejudice in favor of or against a person or group that functions outside of conscious attentional focus.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…18 The majority of test-takers show pro-White bias. 11,12 Pervasive and often inadvertent implicit bias can disadvantage Blacks in academic and employment settings [19][20][21] and likely contributes to the negative campus climate experienced by Black students and faculty, 7,8,22,23 the slower promotion rates for Black compared with White faculty (which are unexplained by productivity or length of service 24 ), and the lower award probabilities for National Institutes of Health grants among Black investigators. 25 ProWhite implicit bias also impacts clinical decision-making.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“Fair Play”: A Videogame Designed to Address Implicit Race Bias Through Active Perspective Taking

Gutierrez

Kaatz

Chu

et al. 2014

Games for Health Journal

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Objective: Having diverse faculty in academic health centers will help diversify the healthcare workforce and reduce health disparities. Implicit race bias is one factor that contributes to the underrepresentation of Black faculty. We designed the videogame ''Fair Play'' in which players assume the role of a Black graduate student named Jamal Davis. As Jamal, players experience subtle race bias while completing ''quests'' to obtain a science degree. We hypothesized that participants randomly assigned to play the game would have greater empathy for Jamal and lower implicit race bias than participants randomized to read narrative text describing Jamal's experience. Materials and Methods: University of Wisconsin-Madison graduate students were recruited via e-mail and randomly assigned to play ''Fair Play'' or read narrative text through an online link. Upon completion, participants took an Implicit Association Test to measure implicit bias and answered survey questions assessing empathy toward Jamal and awareness of bias. Results: As hypothesized, gameplayers showed the least implicit bias but only when they also showed high empathy for Jamal (P = 0.013). Gameplayers did not show greater empathy than text readers, and women in the text condition reported the greatest empathy for Jamal (P = 0.008). However, high empathy only predicted lower levels of implicit bias among those who actively took Jamal's perspective through gameplay (P = 0.014). Conclusions: A videogame in which players experience subtle race bias as a Black graduate student has the potential to reduce implicit bias, possibly because of a game's ability to foster empathy through active perspective taking.

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The Experience of Minority Faculty Who Are Underrepresented in Medicine, at 26 Representative U.S. Medical Schools

Cited by 142 publications

References 20 publications

Preparing Culture Change Agents for Academic Medicine in a Multi-Institutional Consortium: The C - Change Learning Action Network

Preparing Culture Change Agents for Academic Medicine in a Multi-Institutional Consortium: The C - Change Learning Action Network

Health and Health Care Disparities: The Effect of Social and Environmental Factors on Individual and Population Health

“Fair Play”: A Videogame Designed to Address Implicit Race Bias Through Active Perspective Taking

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