The experience of spatiality for congenitally blind people: A phenomenological-psychological study

Abstract

This phenomenological-psychological study aims at discovering the essential constituents involved in congenitally blind people's spatial experiences. Nine congenitally blind persons took part in this study. The data were made up of half structured (thorough) interviews. The analysis of the data yielded the following three comprehension forms of spatiality; (i) Comprehension in terms of image-experience; (ii) Comprehension in terms of notions; (iii) Comprehension in terms of knowledge.Comprehension in terms of image experience is the form which is most concretely and clearly experienced. It is important to notice, that this kind of image experience is not synonymous with a visually based image experience -a fact which is discussed in the article. The following three features, which are to be understood as a description of what characterizes congenitally blind people's image experience, are presented; (i) Experience of the whole; (ii) Synthesizing/Harmonizing; (iii) Spontanous presentation of the whole. Furthermore, comprehension in terms of image experience is made up of the following four constituents, which aim at specifying the conditions for the possibility of having an image experience; (i) The image experience is based on tactile experiences; (ii) The inner horizon of the object has to be limited in order for the tactile sense to constitute an image experience; (iii) The person must have reached a certain degree of familiarity with the object; (iv) The importance of the emotional investment in the object.Comprehension in terms of notions can roughly be said to contain a mixture of sensory experiences and explicit cognitive processes. The third and most abstract form of comprehension is comprehension in terms of knowledge, which is exclusively constituted by means of cognitive processes. This third form is briefly characterized by the following; (i) The Comprehension is not based on sensory experiences, but conveyed through the descriptions of other people; (ii) The comprehension is not tied to clear personal experiences, but is characterized by a general description; (iii) The comprehension is not contextual, but has a stereotype character.

Caught on the surface: Tustin on autistic experience

“…It is perhaps helpful to compare the experiential situation with that of blind persons, who cannot see material objects approaching (before being already in touch with them), or with that of traumatized individuals, who are equally unable to foresee when or where a horror-triggering experience presents itself (until it already does). In both cases, objects seem to emerge out of nowhere and recede back into this “engulfing ‘nothingness”’ (see Tustin, 1990 , 218; Karlsson, 1996 ). 9 Regardless of the obvious differences between these cases, and regardless of questions of severity, the comparison is helpful, insofar as autistic individuals, too, tend to remain particularly alert and on guard vis-à-vis the potentially impinging surroundings.…”

The Empirical Phenomenological Method: Theoretical Foundation and Research Applications

“…These traits may consist of prejudices, attitudes, notions, thoughts and feelings that give form to the way in which people experience a phenomenon. Karlsson (1996) emphasises that a phenomenological analysis is not a mere phenomenal description because it aims to describe 'the logos of the phenomenon, that is to say those necessary constituents (structure) which are needed in order for just that particular phenomenon to be what it is ' (p. 307). The researcher's role is to collect as concrete a set of descriptions as possible, reflect upon those descriptions and carry out an interpretative analysis (Hellström et al 1999;Karlsson and Sjöberg 2009;Leiviskä et al 2011).…”

Designerly Ways of Not Knowing: What Designers Can Learn about Space from People Who are Blind

“…(That is not even to mention the information we can obtain from the sound produced by our shoes.) According to Gunnar Karlsson (1996), the haptic sense can be considered as the most important source of information for blind people.…”