The experimental development of color-tone synesthesia.

Amount of training effects in representationmediated food aversion learning: No evidence of a role for associability changes

“…Finally, it is notable that analogous findings have been reported in humans; for example, in an f MRI study, McIntosh, Cabeza, and Lobaugh (1998) reported activation of primary visual cortex by auditory cues that were consistently paired with visual stimuli. Interestingly, these authors did not report that the participants actually experienced the predicted but absent auditory cues, as was found in some earlier studies (Howells, 1944;Leuba, 1940). Thus, the extreme stance (following, e.g., Konorski's [1967, p. 174] discussion of CS-elicited "hallucinations" of USs) that the rats in our studies actually "tasted" the absent flavors is unnecessary as long as the CSs controlled neural processing that permitted association of associatively activated sensory information with illness.…”

Demonstration of cue recruitment: Change in visual appearance by means of Pavlovian conditioning

“…These early studies reported that learned contextual cues under experimental control could bias appearance. Howells (44) reported that a tone became effective at biasing perceived color, as measured in matching experiments. Y Changes in cue weights.…”

Crossmodal correspondences: A tutorial review

“…Given that all of the training in Ernst's (2007) study took place within a single day (in a session lasting between 1.5 and 2.5 h), one can easily imagine how much stronger the coupling prior might be for pairs of stimuli that have been correlated over the course of a person's lifetime. However, the fact that extensive training (even over tens of thousands of trials) with specific crossmodal pairings of auditory and visual stimuli does not give rise to synaesthetic concurrents (e.g., Howells, 1944;Kelly, 1934; see also Kusnir & Thut, 2010), despite presumably changing the variance of participants' coupling priors, again argues against the appropriateness of synaesthesia as a model for this particular kind of (statistical) correspondence.…”