The Experimental Role of Medicinal Plants in Treatment of Toxoplasma gondii Infection: A Systematic Review

Cheraghipour, Kourosh; Masoori, Leila; Ezzatpour, Behrooz; Roozbehani, Mona; Sheikhian, Ali; Malekara, Vahid; Niazi, Massumeh; Mardanshah, Omid; Moradpour, Kobra; Mahmoudvand, Hossein

doi:10.1007/s11686-020-00300-4

Cited by 27 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 79 publications

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“…Recently, various in vitro, in vivo , and clinical trials laboratory studies reported that some plant extracts and derivatives have potent antiprotozoal effects ( Bahmani et al., 2014 ). Several experimental investigations in various parts of the world have examined the anti- Toxoplasma effects of plant extracts and their derivatives against various strains of T. gonsii ( Wei et al., 2015 ; Cheraghipour et al., 2021 ). However, due to some limitations (e.g., using herbs in a specific area that is inaccessible to all, using different strains of the parasite, the uncertainty of their toxicity, contentment with in vitro studies, and failure to study the mechanisms of action), their results have not yet been finalized and are unreliable ( Cheraghipour et al., 2021 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several experimental investigations in various parts of the world have examined the anti- Toxoplasma effects of plant extracts and their derivatives against various strains of T. gonsii ( Wei et al., 2015 ; Cheraghipour et al., 2021 ). However, due to some limitations (e.g., using herbs in a specific area that is inaccessible to all, using different strains of the parasite, the uncertainty of their toxicity, contentment with in vitro studies, and failure to study the mechanisms of action), their results have not yet been finalized and are unreliable ( Cheraghipour et al., 2021 ). For these reasons, researchers must evaluate a new plant with potential biological activity, low toxicity, and high availability.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Therapeutic Potential and Safety of the Cinnamomum zeylanicum Methanolic Extract Against Chronic Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Mice

Alanazi

Al-Mohammed

2022

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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BackgroundThis experimental study determined the in vitro, in vivo, and toxicity effects of Cinnamomum zeylanicum methanolic extract (CZME) against Toxoplasma gondii infection.MethodsThe in vitro activity of CZME T. gondii tachyzoites was studied by the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. Infected mice were treated with CZME for two weeks at doses of 20, 40, and 60 mg/kg/day. Then, the therapeutic effects of CZME were evaluated by assessing the mean number and mean size of T. gondii tissue cysts, oxidant-antioxidant enzymes, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and mRNA expression levels of bradyzoite surface antigen 1 (BAG1) by real-time PCR.ResultsCZME significantly (p <0.001) increased the mortality rate of parasites in a dose- and time-dependent response. The mean number of intracellular tachyzoites was significantly reduced after CZME therapy. The treatment of infected mice with CZME resulted in a significant (p <0.001) downregulation of BAG1 and the level of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and nitric oxide (NO) as oxidative stress markers. However, a considerable rise (p <0.05) was found in the levels of antioxidant markers such as glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase enzyme (CAT), and superoxide dismutase enzyme activity (SOD). In a dose-dependent response, after treatment of infected mice with CZME, the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines of IFN-γ, IL-1β, and IL-12 was considerably elevated. CZME had no significant cytotoxicity on Vero cells, with a 50% cytotoxic concentration of 169.5 ± 5.66 μg/ml.ConclusionThe findings confirmed the promising therapeutic effects of CZME on chronic toxoplasmosis in mice. Nevertheless, further investigations must confirm these results, elucidate its precise mechanisms, and examine its effectiveness in human volunteers.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Therapeutic Potential and Safety of the Cinnamomum zeylanicum Methanolic Extract Against Chronic Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Mice

Alanazi

Al-Mohammed

2022

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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“…Nature continues to provide diverse and unique chemical sources of bioactive lead compounds that inspire novel drug discoveries [ 12 ]. The antiparasitic bioactivity of natural products from various sources, especially plant-derived secondary metabolites, has been deeply investigated in in vitro and in vivo studies [ 13 ]. Many fungal metabolites have also been reported to exhibit antimicrobial properties against parasitic pathogens.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Vitro Biological Activity of Natural Products from the Endophytic Fungus Paraboeremia selaginellae against Toxoplasma gondii

et al. 2022

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Toxoplasma gondii is an apicomplexan pathogen able to infect a wide range of warm-blooded animals, including humans, leading to toxoplasmosis. Current treatments for toxoplasmosis are associated with severe side-effects and a lack efficacy to eradicate chronic infection. Thus, there is an urgent need for developing novel, highly efficient agents against toxoplasmosis with low toxicity. For decades, natural products have been a useful source of novel bioactive compounds for the treatment of infectious pathogens. In the present study, we isolated eight natural products from the crude extract of the endophytic fungus Paraboeremia selaginellae obtained from the leaves of the plant Philodendron monstera. The natural products were tested for inhibiting Toxoplasma gondii proliferation, and their cytotoxicity was evaluated in different human cell lines. Six natural products showed antitoxoplasma activity with low or no cytotoxicity in human cell lines. Together, these findings indicate that biphenyl ethers, bioxanthracenes, and 5S,6S-phomalactone from P. selaginellae are potential candidates for novel anti-toxoplasma drugs.

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“…Natural products have long been a valuable resource for the production of medicinal compounds around the world (Thillaivanan & Samraj, 2014). Recently, it has reported growing attention on the portion of consumers and the food industry into beneficial food resources and the traditions in which it may assist keep human health while the important role of diet has been extensively described in controlling and treatment of various diseases such as infectious ones (Craig, 1999;Cheraghipour et al, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Therapeutic potential of royal jelly to control Toxoplasma gondii infection in mice

N.A.¹

2022

Trop Biomed

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At present, there are several synthetic medications for toxoplasmosis therapy; however, these agents cannot be permanently applied because of adverse side effects or therapeutic failures and drug resistance in parasites. The present experimental investigation was aimed to study the effects of royal jelly (RJ) obtained from Apis mellifera in comparison with atovaquone against Toxoplasma gondii infection in mice. After treatment of infected mice with RJ at the doses of 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg for 14 consecutive days, we evaluated the therapeutic activity of RJ by measuring the mean number and the mean size of T. gondii tissue cysts, oxidant-antioxidant enzymes, pro-inflammatory cytokines, the mRNA expression levels of bradyzoite surface antigen 1 (BAG1), as well as the toxic effect on liver and kidney function. Treatment of the infected mice with RJ significantly (p < 0.001) decreased the mean number and the mean diameter of T. gondii tissue cysts and downregulated BAG1 in a dose-dependent response. After treatment of infected mice with RJ, the level of oxidative stress markers was significantly diminished, but a significant increase (p < 0.05) in the level of antioxidant markers such as glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymes was observed. Treatment of the infected mice with RJ significantly enhanced the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ and IL-1β, whereas it caused no substantial change in the serum levels of liver and kidney enzymes. The findings of this in vivo study revealed the favorable therapeutic effect of RJ on latent T. gondii infection in mice. It was found that RJ considerably inhibited the infection by decreasing the number and size of tissue cysts, reducing oxidative stress, and boosting the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines, but had no significant toxic impact on the function of vital organs such as liver and kidney. However, additional surveys are required to confirm these findings and clarify the exact mechanisms and their efficiency in clinical subjects.

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The Experimental Role of Medicinal Plants in Treatment of Toxoplasma gondii Infection: A Systematic Review

Cited by 27 publications

References 79 publications

Therapeutic Potential and Safety of the Cinnamomum zeylanicum Methanolic Extract Against Chronic Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Mice

Therapeutic Potential and Safety of the Cinnamomum zeylanicum Methanolic Extract Against Chronic Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Mice

In Vitro Biological Activity of Natural Products from the Endophytic Fungus Paraboeremia selaginellae against Toxoplasma gondii

Therapeutic potential of royal jelly to control Toxoplasma gondii infection in mice

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