The Exponential Decay Functions for Prey and Predator Species in a Fractional-Order Ecosystem Model with Considering Global Warming Phenomena

Abstract

This study examines the memory effect on predator-prey interactions in the face of global warming, employing a fear function with a Holling type II function to characterize the consumer prey and predator species. The effect of global warming on both prey and predators was studied using the exponential decay function. The system’s equilibria are determined, and the system’s stability is established around the equilibrium points. A series of numerical simulations are done to evaluate the theoretical component of the work and show the impacts of global warming, anxiety, and fractional order on our model’s behavior.