Further information on publisher's website:http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jim.14.0071Publisher's copyright statement:Additional information:
Use policyThe full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that:• a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders.Please consult the full DRO policy for further details. Surprisingly, planning and improvisation have historically been viewed as opposite poles of the same continuum, and therefore mutually exclusive (Moorman and Miner 1998), rather than as decision-making approaches, which can potentially be used simultaneously. Very little research has attempted to examine how both can be used within the same context, in a bid to maximize performance. When used alone, formalized (and inherently more rigid) planning undermines the decision-maker's ability to deal with unexpected opportunities and threats in a timely manner. By the same token, if managers rely exclusively on improvisation, there is a danger that decision-making will become chaotic (Brown and Eisenhardt 1998). This may go some way towards explaining discrepancies in export planning research. Specifically, it is likely that the drawbacks of planning and improvisation could be cancelled out when the two approaches are applied together, with their combined application possibly resulting in better outcomes for companies (Slater, Olson, and Hult 2006). The third research gap identified, therefore, concerns the dearth of theoretical and empirical information on the outcomes of 5 combining planning and improvisation within the export context. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to investigate the value and use of improvisation in exporting, and the extent to which the interaction of planning and improvisation is related to export responsiveness and performance.The theoretical contributions of this study address the research gaps identified above. Firstly, we complement the literature on antecedents to export performance by examining, not the substantive export decisions that are made, but how these are made. In so doing, we bring decision theory to the realm of export marketing research, thereby ensuring theoretical rigor to the conceptual development. Secondly, we introduce the concept of improvisation to the export decision-making field, in a bid to provide a more holistic perspective on export decisions. We anchor our export improvisation research in preliminary fieldwork, constituted of in-depth interviews with export decision-makers, thus ensuring the direct relevance and applicability of our work. Finally, previous studies on planning and improvisation have typically focused on the effects of either planning or improvisation on performance, a...