Transglutaminase-4, also known as prostate transglutaminase, is a protein encoded by the TGM4 gene. TGase-4 was thought to be exclusively expressed in the prostate gland and has been suggested to be involved in certain medical conditions, such as infertility and possibly prostate cancer. In recent years, substantial progress has been made in the understanding of this unique protein in prostate cancer, with emerging clinical evidence. The present concise review summarised the current understanding of this intriguing enzyme in prostate cancer and presents an argument that TGase-4 is a useful indicator of both the development and progression of the disease.Like clinical studies, biological-oriented studies on TGase-4 are not extensive. In collaboration with Dr. Richard Ablin of the University of Arizona, we have carried out a number of investigations by creating cell line models from prostate cancer. In this respect, we have generated both overexpression and knockdown models in prostate cancer cells that 291