The expression of anger and its consequences

Deffenbacher, Jerry L.; Oetting, E. R.; Lynch, Rebekah S.; Morris, Chad

doi:10.1016/0005-7967(96)00018-6

Cited by 211 publications

(129 citation statements)

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“…For example, Leliveld et al (2012) and Prooijen (2010) looked at prosocial consequences after injustice but did not include a measurement of anger. Deffenbacher et al (1996) showed a positive correlation between trait anger and aggressive consequences, and Vitaglione and Barnett (2003) showed that there was no direct relation between trait empathic anger and helping or punishing. As has been shown for other emotions, such as shame, trait measures tend to yield different results than state measures of emotion (e.g., By showing that anger has prosocial consequences we do not propose that anger is a prosocial emotion, neither do we suggest that there are two different forms of anger, or that anger leads to a general tendency to act prosocial to anyone or in every situation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…2 Participants then completed the 7-item empathic concern scale (α = 0.83; Davis 1983Davis , 1994, as used in Leliveld et al 2012), and a trait anger scale based on a shortened version of the trait anger subscale of the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (α = 0.87; STAXI; Spielberger 1988). 3 These additional scales were included for control reasons because these traits might influence the relation between state anger and compensation or punishment (e.g., Deffenbacher et al 1996;Leliveld et al 2012;Vitaglione and Barnett 2003). Finally, participants were thanked, debriefed, and received e8 or course credit for their participation.…”

Section: Study 1 41 Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Risk behavior for gain, loss, and mixed prospects

2013

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Anger has traditionally been associated with aggression and antagonistic behavior. A series of studies revealed that experiences of third-party anger (anger experienced when observing that harm is done to someone) can also lead to prosocial behavior. More specifically, three studies, hypothetical scenarios as well as a behavioral study, revealed that third-party anger can promote compensation of the victim. The results also showed a preference for such prosocial behaviors over antagonistic behaviors. We conclude that behaviors stemming from anger, whether antagonistic or prosocial, are reactions to inequity, albeit determined by the constraints of the situation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Study 1 41 Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk behavior for gain, loss, and mixed prospects

2013

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“…Like anxiety and fear, anger is associated with negative emotional valence and physiological arousal but, unlike fear, it mobilizes the individual to react and attack rather than avoid a potentially harmful stimulus and, in this framework, it can be viewed as an adaptive components of survival processes for humans and animals (Lang, Bradley, & Cuthbert, 1998). On a socio-relational level, anger can produce interpersonal conflicts and occupational maladjustment (Deffenbacher, Oetting, Lynch, & Morris, 1996) since it may compromise cognitive functioning and judgement, produce conflicts, and not be instrumental to problem solving (Bodenhausen, 1993); moreover, it can constitute a dimensional, trans-nosographical component of many psychiatric disorders (Fava, Rappe, West, & Herzog, 1995). The observation that anger often induces a remarkable subjective discomfort, disturbing cognitive functioning and adjustment, has led researchers to focus on anger regulation and control.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of defense mechanisms in the modulation of anger experience and expression: Gender differences and influence on self-report measures

Zoccali

Muscatello

Bruno

et al. 2007

Personality and Individual Differences

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Based on the background that defense mechanisms might contaminate personality evaluation measures, the present study was performed with the aim of verifying the influence of defense mechanisms on a selfevaluation instrument for anger.A total of 100 healthy subjects (44 males and 56 females) completed the STAXI -State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory and the DMI -Defense Mechanisms Inventory.Data were analyzed through t test for independent samples, correlation analysis (Pearson's correlation coefficients), and stepwise regression models. The means for anger experience and expression resulted all in the normal range and no gender differences were observed; no gender differences were found in the use of defense mechanisms. The interference of defense mechanisms on anger self-evaluation was more prominent in males. In both sexes, TAO predicts anger experience and expression.The ''contamination'' of self-report data by defense mechanisms can lead to oversimplified, unrealistic models of human behavior. The assessment of defense mechanisms associated to self-report instruments may conduce to a more realistic evaluation of anger.

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“…On the other hand, research on the social consequences of anger suggests that expression can also have detrimental effects, leading to marital and parental conflict, property destruction, and reduced levels of occupational effectiveness (Deffenbacher, Oetting, Lynch, & Morris, 1996).…”

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confidence: 99%

The After-Effects of Regulating Anger and Anger-Related Emotions on Self-Report Ratings and Behavior: Divergent Consequences for Men and Women

Hosie

Milne

McARTHUR

2005

PSYCHOLOGIA -An International Journal of Psychological Sciences

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Despite the reported frequency of anger in everyday life, comparatively little is known about the psychological consequences of regulating this emotion. In the present study male and female participants were exposed to a short anger arousing film clip under one of three conditions: Expression (participants were asked to respond spontaneously to the events depicted in the film clip); suppression (participants were asked to inhibit outward expressions of emotion); and substitution (participants were asked to replace feelings of anger with a previously recalled happy memory). Analysis of participants' emotional state following the period of emotion regulation showed that whereas suppression led to an increase in females' self reports of anger and related affective states, substitution led to an increase in males' ratings of anger and related affective states. Analysis of participants' expressive behavior following the period of anger regulation also showed an increase in expressions of outrage and disgust by female suppressors. Overall, the effects of anger regulation upon expressive behavior were less marked than those for self-reports of emotion. The results are discussed in the wider context of research on gender differences in emotion, the concurrent effects of regulating emotion, and thought suppression. Key words: anger, emotion regulation, genderSelf-report studies of the incidence of anger in everyday life have consistently shown that people experience anger, or are the target of someone else's anger, at least several times a week (Anastasi, Cohen, & Spatz, 1948;Averill, 1982;Gates, 1926;Meltzer, 1933;Richardson, 1918). Despite its frequency, however, comparatively little is known about the psychological consequences of expressing, or inhibiting the expression of this emotion.To date, research into anger has tended to focus upon its medical and social consequences. On the one hand, medical research suggests that both the propensity to express anger, and the way that anger is managed, have implications for the incidence and severity of coronary heart disease (Everson, Goldberg, Kaplan, Julkunen, & Salonen, 1998). In particular, individuals whom habitually suppress feelings of anger (i.e., feel angry but do not show it) are at greater risk of developing coronary heart disease, hypertension, and even minor ailments such as recurrent headaches, than individuals whom adopt alternative methods of anger control (Gallacher, Yarnell, Sweetnam, Elwood, The research reported in this paper was funded by a grant from the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC: Grant Number R000 22 3261) awarded to J. A. Hosie and A. B. Milne. We would like to thank our colleague Louise Phillips for her helpful comments on a draft of this manuscript.Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Judith A Hosie, School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, King's College, Aberdeen, AB24 2UB, Scotland, UK (e-mail: j.hosie@abdn.ac.uk). THE AFTER-EFFECTS OF REGULATING ANGER AND ANGER-RELATED EMOTIONS 289& Stansfeld, 19...

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The expression of anger and its consequences

Cited by 211 publications

References 24 publications

Risk behavior for gain, loss, and mixed prospects

Risk behavior for gain, loss, and mixed prospects

The role of defense mechanisms in the modulation of anger experience and expression: Gender differences and influence on self-report measures

The After-Effects of Regulating Anger and Anger-Related Emotions on Self-Report Ratings and Behavior: Divergent Consequences for Men and Women

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