The expression of EGFR, cerbB2, p16, and p53 and their relationship with conventional parameters in squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx*

Abstract

IntroductionMany ions can be found in water as dissolved, absorbed/ adsorbed, or suspended matter, and the content of the ions determines whether the water is polluted. Some of the components in water can be recognized as exceeding safe limits or toxic. Wastes in open and partially enclosed quarries left behind after mining operations contain metals or toxic trace elements, and drainage waters that are rich in elements can mix into the surface water. These elements can be carried by acid water downstream and run-off to the sea, as either dissolved species or an integral part of suspended material, resulting in numerous environmental problems (Duruibe et al., 2007 and references therein).The oxidation of sulfide minerals, e.g., pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, and galena, exposed to atmospheric oxygen during or after mining operations produces acidic waters with high concentrations of dissolved iron, sulfate, and metals or semimetals, thus posing a health hazard to humans (Mrozek et al., 2006 and reference therein). Acid mine drainage (AMD) may cause environmental pollution by the dissolution and contamination of hazardous elements in aqueous systems.The investigation area is situated in a metallogenic area in the Black Sea region, NE Turkey (Figures 1 and 2). This area comprises approximately 400 Cu-Zn-Pb sulfide deposits of various sizes and types. The variable sizes of the VMS deposits are tectonically controlled in the Eastern Black Sea region and are hosted by hydrothermally altered peripheral zones in the Maastrichtian-Eocene volcanics.Although some of the mines were abandoned hundreds of years ago, the impact of AMD continues. Drainage from the ores and their host rocks, abandoned mines, and wastes have been polluted and regularly discharged into surface waters. The mixing of these waters into the ground and surface waters has resulted in serious problems or undesirable effects for all living things in the area. Due to the wet climate conditions and rainfall in the Black Sea region, streams flow throughout the year. The waters with low pH can leach some heavy metals, such as As, Cd, Pb, Sb, and Tl, and some toxic trace elements, such as Al, Cu, Fe, Se, and Zn, from the ores and host rocks. In the study area, the polluted rivers' and streams' surface waters have been used in agriculture and animal husbandry. Thus, the dissolved or suspended metals and

Tumor microenvironment: an evil nexus promoting aggressive head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and avenue for targeted therapy

“…Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), a transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor (TKR) of the ErbB family, is overexpressed or amplified in ~90% of HNSCC patients 219 , 220 and is associated with aggressive tumor behavior, 221 resistance to radiation, 222 and poor prognosis. 223 , 224 The constitutive activation of EGFR result in the activation of several downstream signaling pathways, including Ras/Raf/MAPK/ERK, PI3K/Akt, STAT, and the PLC-γ signaling pathways, 225 , 226 those are involved in proliferation, survival, CSCs maintenance 227 etc. While the relationship between HPV status, EGFR expression and patient outcome are still ambiguous in HNSCC, many studies have reported increased EGFR amplification in p16 −ve (a surrogate biomarker for HPV infection) oropharyngeal cancers.…”

Tumor microenvironment is not an ‘innocent bystander’ in the resistance to treatment of head and neck cancers (Review)

“…Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is overexpressed in approximately 90% of HNSCC patients and is associated with the aggressive behavior of the cancer, resistance to radiotherapy, and a negative prognosis (91,92). The relationship between EGFR expression and HPV status of HNSCC tumors is not yet fully understood.…”