The expression of macrophage migration inhibitory factor 1α (MIF 1α) in human atherosclerotic plaques is induced by different proatherogenic stimuli and associated with plaque instability

Elevated Serum Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) Concentrations in Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Are Associated with Markers of Oxidative Stress and Endothelial Activation

“…MIF, a proinflammatory cytokine of the innate immune system, has been implicated in atherogenesis and atheroma formation as well as plaque instability in human artheriosclerotic disease (8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14). To the best of our knowledge this is the first study that addresses circulating MIF and the role of renal function, and possible associations to CVD in CKD.…”

“…MIF has been identified as a proinflammatory cytokine in sepsis as well as in autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus (9). MIF has been implicated in atherogenesis and atheroma formation as well as instability of human artheriosclerotic plaques (10,11). In recent spontaneous atherosclerosis animal models, aortic inflammation was reduced and neointimal plaques were stabilized after administration of anti-MIF antibody (12,13).…”

Inflammation and metabolic dysfunction: links to cardiovascular diseases

“…MIF expression is induced by proatherogenic stimuli, such as oxidized low-density-lipoprotein (31), and it has been shown to become upregulated in macrophages, endothelial cells, and SMCs during the development of atherosclerotic lesions (18,31). Its expression correlates with increased IMT and lipid deposition in the aorta of mice and in advanced human carotid artery plaques (136,238). A recent study suggested high MIF levels as an independent risk factor for future coronary events in CAD patients with impaired glucose tolerance/type 2 diabetes mellitus (166).…”

Hypoxia Regulates Macrophage Functions in Inflammation

“…This suggests that ORP150 may protect foam cells from environmental stress allowing them to carry out their role of cholesterol scavenging and tissue remodeling within lesions. MIF is also highly expressed by foam cells in atherosclerotic lesions (30). MIF expression within plaques is likely to promote neovascularization because MIF has been shown to mediate proliferation of cultured endothelial cells (31).…”