The expressive therapies continuum

Therapeutic factors in two forms of inpatient group psychotherapy: Music therapy and verbal therapy

“…Each therapist rated the group independently, then the two therapists came to consensus on any areas of disagreement. The TGPRS was developed by us to measure not only verbal group therapy processes, but also processes in the music therapy groups which are widely accepted by creative arts therapists as important (Brown & Avstreih, 1980;Bruno, 1981;Cardone et al, 1982;Kagin & Lusebrink, 1978;McNiff, 1981;Noy, 1967aNoy, , 1967bNoy, , 1967cPlach, 1980;Priestly, 1975;Robbins, 1980;Ruud, 1978;Zwerling, 1979). Draft versions of the TGPRS were piloted by music, art, dance, and verbal group therapists, and the rating scale was revised to incorporate their feedback.…”

“…An extensive theoretical literature exists concerning the creative arts therapies, which indicates that the creative arts may stimulate therapeutic processes which help patients in ways different from more traditional verbal therapies (Kagin & Lusebrink, 1978;Robbins, 1980;Zwerling, 1979). For example, some authors have stated that the use of the arts can bypass intellectualizing processes by accessing emotions directly (Cardone et al, 1982;Robbins, 1980), such as eliciting emotions by listening to music or discharging them by playing a drum.…”

Expressive art-based autoethnography: a study of counsellor identity

“…He worked with images and symbols to reveal hidden possibilities and thereby help the client find greater meaning and wholeness in life (Malchiodi, 2003). Eventually psychotherapists who followed Jung claimed that creative actualization could be achieved through a dialogue between the individual and the media (Kagan & Lusebrink, 1978). Educator and psychologist Margaret Naumberg, who later contributed her own views about spontaneous creative expression in the psychotherapeutic session, adopted lung's ideas of symbolic expression.…”

“…These dimensions occur as opposites where one can override the other, but work well when they are balanced. Information processed on the cognitive and symbolic level is complex, as it requires the development of abstract thought and the ability to symbolize (Kagan & Lusebrink, 1978). At this stage, verbal input is often required to gather meaning about complex cognitive operations or symbols (Hinz, 2009).…”

“…Activating the kinesthetic/sensory level of the ETC is particularly helpful because it allows the individual to access and organize preverbal content at a later stage in life (Hinz, 2009). It is based on spatial representation, the most basic modality of expression , and forms the groundwork for language (Kagan & Lusebrink, 1978;Mandler, 1996). Children, for example, need to physically manipulate and handle materials in order to form internal images of them.…”