The Extended Flare in CTA 102 in 2016 and 2017 within a Hadronic Model through Cloud Ablation by the Relativistic Jet

Zacharias, M.; Böttcher, M.; Jankowsky, F.; Lenain, J.‐P.; Wagner, S. J.; Wierzcholska, A.

doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aaf4f7

Cited by 30 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…The data analysis has been done by Zacharias et al [9,15], and the reader is referred to these papers for details. We have analyzed data from the Fermi-LAT instrument, from the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory and from ATOM.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All these quantities are given in the host galaxy frame. CTA 102 has attracted significant attention in recent years owing to a tremendous outburst in almost all energy bands [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. Over a period of four months, the flux rose and fell steadily (not counting short-term bursts on top of the trend) by up to two orders of magnitude.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The differential volume dV entering the jet in a differential time interval dt is given by the blue area. The green arrow marks the (horizontal) motion of the cloud with respect to the jet [15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Model light curves (red curves) using a leptonic model within the broad-line region (BLR) for the γ-ray, X-ray and R-band[9]. Model light curves (red curves) using a hadronic model within the dusty torus (DT) for the γ-ray, X-ray, R-and V-band[15].…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Note the logarithmic scaling of the y-axis. The gray arrows mark upper limits and the red lines the pre-2012 averages[15].…”

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confidence: 99%

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The Long-Lasting Activity in the Flat Spectrum Radio Quasar (FSRQ) CTA 102

et al. 2019

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The flat spectrum radio quasar CTA 102 (z = 1.032) went through a tremendous phase of variability. Since early 2016 the gamma-ray flux level has been significantly higher than in previous years. It was topped by a four month long giant outburst, where peak fluxes were more than 100 times higher than the quiescence level. Similar trends are observable in optical and X-ray energies. We have explained the giant outburst as the ablation of a gas cloud by the relativistic jet that injects additional matter into the jet and can self-consistently explain the long-term light curve. Here, we argue that the cloud responsible for the giant outburst is part of a larger system that collides with the jet and is responsible for the years-long activity in CTA 102.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Note the logarithmic scaling of the y-axis. The gray arrows mark upper limits and the red lines the pre-2012 averages[15].…”

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confidence: 99%

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The Long-Lasting Activity in the Flat Spectrum Radio Quasar (FSRQ) CTA 102

et al. 2019

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Constraining the physical parameters of blazars using the seed factor approach

Deng,

Shi,

Song

et al. 2024

Publ. Astron. Soc. Aust.

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The discovery that blazars dominate the extra-galactic $\gamma$ -ray sky is a triumph in the Fermi era. However, the exact location of $\gamma$ -ray emission region still remains in debate. Low-synchrotron-peaked blazars (LSPs) are estimated to produce high-energy radiation through the external Compton process, thus their emission regions are closely related to the external photon fields. We employed the seed factor approach proposed by Georganopoulos et al. It directly matches the observed seed factor of each LSP with the characteristic seed factors of external photon fields to locate the $\gamma$ -ray emission region. A sample of 1 138 LSPs with peak frequencies and peak luminosities was adopted to plot a histogram distribution of observed seed factors. We also collected some spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of historical flare states to investigate the variation of $\gamma$ -ray emission region. Those SEDs were fitted by both quadratic and cubic functions using the Markov-chain Monte Carlo method. Furthermore, we derived some physical parameters of blazars and compared them with the constraint of internal $\gamma\gamma$ -absorption. We find that dusty torus dominates the soft photon fields of LSPs and most $\gamma$ -ray emission regions of LSPs are located at 1–10 pc. The soft photon fields could also transition from dusty torus to broad line region and cosmic microwave background in different flare states. Our results suggest that the cubic function is better than the quadratic function to fit the SEDs.

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Constraints on the emission region of 3C 279 during strong flares in 2014 and 2015 through VHE γ-ray observations with H.E.S.S.

Abdalla

Adam

Aharonian

et al. 2019

A&A

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The flat spectrum radio quasar 3C 279 is known to exhibit pronounced variability in the high-energy (100 MeV < E < 100 GeV) γ-ray band, which is continuously monitored with Fermi-LAT. During two periods of high activity in April 2014 and June 2015 target-of-opportunity observations were undertaken with the High Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.S.S.) in the very-high-energy (VHE, E > 100 GeV) γ-ray domain. While the observation in 2014 provides an upper limit, the observation in 2015 results in a signal with 8.7σ significance above an energy threshold of 66 GeV. No VHE variability was detected during the 2015 observations. The VHE photon spectrum is soft and described by a power-law index of 4.2 ± 0.3. The H.E.S.S. data along with a detailed and contemporaneous multiwavelength data set provide constraints on the physical parameters of the emission region. The minimum distance of the emission region from the central black hole was estimated using two plausible geometries of the broad-line region and three potential intrinsic spectra. The emission region is confidently placed at r ≳ 1.7 × 1017 cm from the black hole, that is beyond the assumed distance of the broad-line region. Time-dependent leptonic and lepto-hadronic one-zone models were used to describe the evolution of the 2015 flare. Neither model can fully reproduce the observations, despite testing various parameter sets. Furthermore, the H.E.S.S. data were used to derive constraints on Lorentz invariance violation given the large redshift of 3C 279.

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The Extended Flare in CTA 102 in 2016 and 2017 within a Hadronic Model through Cloud Ablation by the Relativistic Jet

Cited by 30 publications

References 49 publications

The Long-Lasting Activity in the Flat Spectrum Radio Quasar (FSRQ) CTA 102

The Long-Lasting Activity in the Flat Spectrum Radio Quasar (FSRQ) CTA 102

Constraining the physical parameters of blazars using the seed factor approach

Constraints on the emission region of 3C 279 during strong flares in 2014 and 2015 through VHE γ-ray observations with H.E.S.S.

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