The External Environment and Tracheid Size in Conifers

Richardson, Sidney

doi:10.1016/b978-1-4832-2931-7.50025-2

Cited by 34 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Consequent stages of formation of the cells by cambium and their development in each of differentiation zones have been found to be independent processes and their reactions to environmental factors can be different (Antonova and Shebeko 1981a;Antonova et al 1983). These findings are supported by earlier observations (Larson 1960;Wodzicki 1964) and confirm the supposition that radial cell expansion and secondary wall thickening are under different physiological controls (Larson 1960;Richardson 1964;Wodzicki 1964;Zahner et al 1964). That is why it is necessary to investigate the effects of ecological factors on separate stages of cytogenesis.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 81%

“…The effects of environmental factors on conifer wood formation are reflected in the number of tracheids produced by the cambium, their outer sizes, and the thickness of cell walls (Richardson 1964;Larson 1964;Denne 1971Denne , 1974Denne , 1976Denne and Smith 1971;Ford et al 1978;Nec Ïesany 1971;Mahmood 1971;Wodzicki 1960Wodzicki ,1971; Antonova andShebeko 1981a, 1986;Antonova et al 1983). To understand the mechanism of the influence of ecological factors on wood formation it is important not only to evaluate the results of such influences (radial diameters and thickness of cell walls) but also to estimate the effects of the factors on the process responsible for these results.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of environmental factors on wood formation in larch (Larix sibirica Ldb.) stems

Antonova

Stasova

1997

Trees

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AbstractmEffects of temperature and precipitation on xylem cell production by the cambium, radial cell expansion and secondary wall thickening in larch stems have been studied. The observations were carried out over two seasons on ten 50-to 60-year-old trees, growing in central Siberia and chosen according to growth rate (the number of cells in radial rows of each of two of the preceding seasons was equal). The data on the number of cells in differentiation zones and mature xylem along radial rows of tracheids, radial and tangential sizes of tracheids and their lumina were used for calculating cambial activity, the rates and durations of cell development in the zones, and both the thickness and cross-sectional areas of tracheid walls. The mean day air temperature, mean maximum diurnal and mean minimum nocturnal temperatures as well as precipitation have been shown by correlation and regression analyses to affect differentially separate stages of tracheid differentiation. Throughout all the seasons it was temperature that had the main influence on the initial divisions in the xylem, radial cell expansion and biomass accumulation. However, the levels of such an effect on separate stages of cytogenesis were different, especially the influence of nocturnal temperature on xylem cell production by cambium and primary wall growth. The optimum values of temperature and precipitation for cell production by cambium, for radial cell expansion and secondary wall thickening have been calculated. These optimum values of the first and second processes proved to be practically equal, while the last differs considerably in response to temperature. The data are discussed in connection with formation of early and late tracheids.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of environmental factors on wood formation in larch (Larix sibirica Ldb.) stems

Antonova

Stasova

1997

Trees

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“…However, it is assumed that most activity occurred during the increment phase, when water availability to the cambium is at a maximum [1,26]. For example, Richardson [29] reported that night-time temperature had a stronger relationship with fibre length than average daily temperature. Intensive growth of primary cell walls was also observed during night hours by Antonova [1].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-resolution analysis of radial growth and wood density in Eucalyptus nitens, grown under different irrigation regimes

2002

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-Wood density is the most important determinant of wood quality and a critical factor in short rotation forestry. Daily radial growth of six-year-old Eucalyptus nitens trees were monitored on a two hectare plantation in south-eastern Tasmania using point dendrometers, under different irrigation regimes. At the end of the second growing season 12-mm cores were extracted from the trees and processed for high-resolution wood density using SilviScan-2. The dendrometer measurements were utilized to rescale wood density on a time axis. In general, lower density was formed early in the growing season, and higher wood density later. The irrigated-droughted trees showed an obvious relationship between wood density and soil water deficits with the density decreasing in response to water stress releases. The density decrease was accompanied by acceleration in daily increment. With the presented approach the annual level is no longer the basis of analysis. This opens new opportunities for genotype × environmental interaction studies of trees, which is of particular importance in clonal forestry.wood density / dendrometer / wood quality / irrigation / cambium Résumé -Analyse haute résolution de la croissance radiale et de la densité du bois d'Eucalyptus nitens, croissant sous divers régimes d'irrigation. La densité du bois est le plus important déterminant de la qualité du bois et un facteur critique pour la sylviculture en courte rotation. La croissance radiale journalière d'Eucalyptus nitens, âgé de 6 ans, a été suivie dans une plantation de 2 hectares dans le Sud-Est de la Tasmanie en utilisant des dendromètres à point, sous différents régimes d'irrigation. À la fin de la seconde saison de végétation, des carottes de 12 mm ont été prélevées sur les arbres et une mesure haute résolution de la densité du bois a été réalisée à l'aide d'un SilviScan-2. Les mesures à l'aide du dendromètre ont été utilisées pour recaler la densité du bois sur un axe de temps. En général, le bois ayant la densité la plus faible a été formé tôt dans la saison de végétation, et le bois de haute densité plus tardivement. Les arbres irrigués ou soumis à la sécheresse montraient une relation évidente entre la densité du bois et le déficit hydrique du sol avec une densité diminuant en réponse à une réduction du stress hydrique. La diminution de densité a été accompagnée par une accélération de l'accroissement journalier. Selon l'approche présentée, le niveau annuel ne sera plus la base de l'analyse. Ceci ouvre de nouvelles opportunités pour des études de l'interaction génotype × environnement sur des arbres, ce qui est d'une importance primordiale en foresterie clonale. densité du bois / dendromètre / qualité du bois / irrigation / cambium

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“…5), but only during latewood formation. However, such a positive influence of daylength on cell enlargement and the resulting cell diameter has been experimentally documented for a long time, with long days inducing large diameters by promoting the synthesis of molecular substances (notably auxin) that stimulate enlargement (Larson, 1962;Richardson, 1964;Wodzicki, 1964;Balatinecz and Farrar, 1968). Such a strong developmental control does not fully prevent climatic influences, as well as complex interplays between developmental and environmental factors, particularly in more stressful environments.…”

Section: Climatic Versus Developmental Control Of Tree-ring Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

Xylogenesis: Coniferous Trees of Temperate Forests Are Listening to the Climate Tale during the Growing Season But Only Remember the Last Words!

Cuny¹,

Rathgeber

2016

Plant Physiol.

108

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The complex inner mechanisms that create typical conifer tree-ring structure (i.e. the transition from large, thin-walled earlywood cells to narrow, thick-walled latewood cells) were recently unraveled. However, what physiological or environmental factors drive xylogenesis key processes remain unclear. Here, we aim to quantify the influence of seasonal variations in climatic factors on the spectacular changes in the kinetics of wood cell differentiation and in the resulting treering structure. Wood formation was monitored in three sites over 3 years for three coniferous species (Norway spruce [Picea abies], Scots pine [Pinus sylvestris], and silver fir [Abies alba]). Cell differentiation rates and durations were calculated and related to tracheid final dimensions and corresponding climatic conditions. On the one hand, we found that the kinetics of cell enlargement and the final size of the tracheids were not explained by the seasonal changes in climatic factors. On the other hand, decreasing temperatures strongly constrained cell wall deposition rates during latewood formation. However, the influence of temperature was permanently written into tree-ring structure only for the very last latewood cells, when the collapse of the rate of wall deposition was no longer counterbalanced by the increase of its duration. Our results show that the formation of the typical conifer tree-ring structure, in normal climatic conditions, is only marginally driven by climate, suggesting strong developmental control of xylogenesis. The late breakage of the compensatory mechanism at work in the wall deposition process appears as a clue to understand the capacity of the maximum latewood density to record past temperature conditions.

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The External Environment and Tracheid Size in Conifers

Cited by 34 publications

References 28 publications

Effects of environmental factors on wood formation in larch (Larix sibirica Ldb.) stems

Effects of environmental factors on wood formation in larch (Larix sibirica Ldb.) stems

High-resolution analysis of radial growth and wood density in Eucalyptus nitens, grown under different irrigation regimes

Xylogenesis: Coniferous Trees of Temperate Forests Are Listening to the Climate Tale during the Growing Season But Only Remember the Last Words!

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