“…But were Black colleges, specifically private ones, offering an education that prepared students for full citizenship and participation with local, national, and international contexts and activities? By tradition, the extra curriculum-the campus environment, student activities, and above all, the opportunity to participate in public debate-has been seen as a critical part of the college experience (Little, 1980;Terry, 1934). And on the last point, Black colleges of the 1940s and 1950s have come in for some criticism-with some observers saying that the conservative atmosphere on these campuses stifled debate and quashed dissent.…”