The Extraction of Gallium Chloride by Isopropyl Ether

Nachtrieb, Norman H.; Fryxell, R.E.

doi:10.1021/ja01180a047

Cited by 60 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…The curve of assayed samples shows an initial rapid decline in radioactivity lasting approximately 20 h and a second phase with a half-life of 40.7 h. The false elevation in the gentamicin 123I (2) 131i (1) WITc-pertechnetate (2) "Tc-sulfacolloid (2) 'rc-albumin microspheres (2) [76SeJmethionine (2) 67Ga citrate (10) level fell below 1 ,ug/ml at 7.8 days after 67Ga administration. The decay curve (not shown) of radioactivity in sera spotted directly onto filters is parallel to, but slightly higher than, that obtained from assayed samples.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this report, we evaluate the effects of five radiopharmaceuticals on the radioenzymatic assay of aminoglycoside antibiotics. We then describe a technique to eliminate the problem of 67Ga interference in radioenzymatic assays, using the method of Nachtrieb and Fryxell (2) for the extraction of radioactive gal- A and an osmotic shock preparation of E. coli R5/W677 containing an amikacin acetyltransferase activity. Preparation of standards, counting of radioactivity, and determination of amnikacin concentrations were accomplished as described for the gentamicin assay.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Effects of Radiopharmaceuticals on Radioenzymatic Assays of Aminoglycoside Antibiotics: Interference by Gallium-67 and Its Elimination

Bhattacharya

Seligsohn

Lerner

1978

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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Radionuclides currently used in clinical medicine were evaluated for their possible interference with radioenzymatic assays of aminoglycoside antibiotics. Of the radiopharmaceuticals tested, only 67Ga citrate interfered with the radioenzymatic assay of gentamicin. Radioenzymatic assay of serum samples obtained from patients receiving 67Ga yielded gentamicin concentrations falsely elevated by more than 1 ,Ag/ml for approximately 1 week after 67Ga admuinistration. A procedure was developed to eliminate 67Ga interference with radioenzymatic assays of aminoglycoside antibiotics. After 67Ga citrate was spotted onto phosphoceilulose filter disks, the filters were immersed in 7.2 N HCI, and radioactivity was removed by successive extractions of the acid phase with diisopropyl ether. After three extractions, less than 0.1% of the original radioactivity remained. Similar extraction of disks containing "C-adenylylated gentamicin or tobramycin or "C-acetylated amikacin had no effect on '4C radioactivity. The concentrations of aminoglycosides in serum standards supplemented with 67Ga citrate were determined accurately by radioenzymatic assays foilowed by extraction with diisopropyl ether. Concentrations of gentamicin in six serum samples from patients injected with 67Ga during gentamicin therapy, as determined by radioenzymatic assay and extraction, were within 9% of the results obtained by reassay of the same samples after the decay of 67Ga.With the increasing use of various radiopharmaceuticals in diagnostic nuclear scanning, interference with radioassays of drug levels in blood and other body fluids has become a problem. This difficulty has already been discussed with respect to the radioimmunassay of digoxin (3) and anti-DNA antibody (6).We recently encountered two patients who had been given "7Ga during a course of gentamicin therapy. Each had extraordinarily high levels of gentamicin in serum, exceeding 20 ,ug/ml, as determined by radioenzymatic assay. This experience suggested that 67Ga and possibly other radionucides currently used in clinical medicine might interfere with the radioenzymatic determination of aminoglycoside concentrations in serum. In this report, we evaluate the effects of five radiopharmaceuticals on the radioenzymatic assay of aminoglycoside antibiotics. We then describe a technique to eliminate the problem of 67Ga interference in radioenzymatic assays, using the method of Nachtrieb and Fryxell (2) for the extraction of radioactive gal- ['4C]acetyl coenzyme A was purchased from Amersham/Searle and diluted with unlabeled acetyl coenzyme A (P-L Biochemicals) to a specific activity of 4

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Effects of Radiopharmaceuticals on Radioenzymatic Assays of Aminoglycoside Antibiotics: Interference by Gallium-67 and Its Elimination

Bhattacharya

Seligsohn

Lerner

1978

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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“…[15] The earlier work established that dialkyl ethers, and in particular Et 2 O and i Pr 2 O, efficiently and selectively extracted gallium from 5-7 M hydrochloric acid solutions in batch. [18,[22][23][24][25][26] In view of the dialkyl ethers being generally nontoxic, readily available, low boiling-point liquids with significant variation in hydrophobicity, we decided to evaluate this class of compounds for further development in LLE and membrane-based separation of Ga from Zn. Since the *Ga production yield and its extractability, as well as the *Ga vs. Zn selectivity, is expected to depend on zinc and HCl concentrations, we decided to explore both high (5.…”

Section: System Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Separation of Radiogallium from Zinc Using Membrane-Based Liquid-Liquid Extraction in Flow: Experimental and COSMO-RS Studies

Pedersen

Nielsen

Fonslet

et al. 2019

Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange

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A switch from batch to continuous manufacturing of gallium-68 (68 Ga) and 68 Ga-labeled pharmaceuticals can be advantageous, as it recycles isotopically-enriched zinc-68 (68 Zn), removes pre-and post-irradiation target manipulations, and provides scalability via dose-on-demand production. Herein we report efficient extraction of radiogallium (66,67,68 Ga = *Ga) from ZnCl 2 /HCl solutions in batch and in flow using a membrane-based liquidliquid separator. From 5.6 M ZnCl 2 /3 M HCl, a 1/2 (v/v) diisopropyl ether (i Pr 2 O)/trifluorotoluene (TFT) solvent extracts 76.3 ± 1.9% of *Ga and 1.9 ± 1.6% of Zn in flow using a single pass through. From 1 M ZnCl 2 /6 M HCl, a 1/2 (v/v) n-butyl methyl ether (n-BuOMe)/TFT solvent extracts 95.7 ± 2.0% of *Ga and 0.005 ± 0.003% of Zn in flow. TFT plays a key role in controlling the interfacial tension between the aqueous and the organic phases, ensuring clean membrane-based separation. The process did not extract Cu, Mn, and Co but did extract Fe. Using HGaCl 4 and ZnCl 2 as the extractable species, the COSMO-RS theory predicts the solvation-driven extraction of Ga and Zn with a mean unsigned error of prediction of 4.0% and 3.4% respectively. KEYWORDS Gallium-68; gallium-67; liquid-liquid extraction in flow; COSMO-RS 68 Ge/ 68 Ga-generators further contribute to 68 Ga popularity in clinical and pre-clinical settings. [6] Meeting the growing demand for 68 Ga is a challenge, as it is mostly supplied by the gallium generators which suffer from high prices, long lead time, quality inconsistencies, and limited shelf life. [7] An alternative method of 68 Ga production is the irradiation of 68 Zn using a cyclotron. [8] Since many PET-centers have their own cyclotrons, this is potentially a convenient means of in-house production of 68 Ga-tracers. However, the cyclotron production of 68 Ga in solid targets from 68 Zn

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“…Special tests were performed to test the reproducibility of the gallium extraction with each solvent, the results were found to vary by not more than a few percent. Gallium extraction with isopropyl ether is highest from 8 M HCl [7]. Data for various elements of interest are given in Table 1.…”

Section: Reagentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Activation Analysis of Gallium Using Solvent Extraction

El‐Sherif¹,

Alian²,

Allian³

et al. 1967

Radiochimica Acta

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Three selective procedures have been developed for the separation of radio-gallium from other radionuclides, using extraction with isopropylether, hexone and tributyl phosphate from hydrochloric acid media. These procedures have been applied to the neutron activation analysis of gallium using the standard addition technique. The 3 procedures are simpler and more rapid than those reported in the literature for the activation analysis of gallium.Zusammenfassung Bs wurden drei selektive Verfahren zur Trennung von Radiogallium von anderen Radionukliden entwickelt. Die Verfahren beruhen auf der Extraktion mit Isopropyläther, Hexon und Tributylphosphat aus salzsauren Lösungen. Diese Verfahren wurden bei der Neutronenaktivierungsanalyse von Gallium nach der üblichen Methode angewandt und haben den Vorteil, daß sie einfacher und schneller durchführbar sind als die in der Literatur im Zusammenhang mit der aktivierungsanalytischen Bestimmung von Gallium beschriebenen Methoden. RésuméOn a développé trois procédés sélectifs pour la séparation du radiogallium d'autres radioéléments. Ces procédés sont basés sur l'extraction à l'aide d'éther isopropylique, d'hexone et de phosphate tributylique à partir de solutions chlorhydriques. Ces procédés ont été utilisés pour l'analyse par activation du gallium selon la méthode habituelle et présentent l'avantage d'être plus simples et plus rapides que ceux cités à ce sujet dans la littérature. IntroductionIn this paper three simple radiochemical separation procedures are developed for rapid neutron activation analysis of gallium. Yield determination has been avoided by applying the standard addition technique [1],

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The Extraction of Gallium Chloride by Isopropyl Ether

Cited by 60 publications

References 3 publications

Effects of Radiopharmaceuticals on Radioenzymatic Assays of Aminoglycoside Antibiotics: Interference by Gallium-67 and Its Elimination

Effects of Radiopharmaceuticals on Radioenzymatic Assays of Aminoglycoside Antibiotics: Interference by Gallium-67 and Its Elimination

Separation of Radiogallium from Zinc Using Membrane-Based Liquid-Liquid Extraction in Flow: Experimental and COSMO-RS Studies

Activation Analysis of Gallium Using Solvent Extraction

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