The Eye Irritation and Odor Potencies of Four Terpenes which are Major Constituents of the Emissions of VOCs from Nordic Soft Woods

Mølhave, Lars; Kjærgaard, Søren K.; Hempel-Jørgensen, A; Juto, Jan-Erik; Andersson, Kurt; Stridh, Göran; Falk, Jamie

doi:10.1034/j.1600-0668.2000.010004315.x

Cited by 36 publications

(19 citation statements)

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“…In fact, the greatest danger related to turpentine use seem to be the δ-3-carenes, a variety of terpenes.These chemical compounds were at the origin of dermatitis and respiratory problems as they induced broncho-constriction [87], and there is a dose-dependent relationship between the viability of alveolar macrophages and the concentration of δ-3-carenes. They appear to have provoked a stronger reaction than did α-pinenes [88]. For the α-and β-pinenes (the main volatiles monoterpenes), many authors have a moderate opinion regarding their irritant capacity.…”

Section: R E V I E W P a P E R S Ijomeh 2009;22(4) 335mentioning

confidence: 99%

The essential oil of turpentine and its major volatile fraction (α- and β-pinenes): a review

Mercier¹,

Prost²,

Prost³

2009

International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health

153

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This paper provides a summary review of the major biological features concerning the essential oil of turpentine, its origin and use in traditional and modern medicine. More precisely, the safety of this volatile fraction to human health, and the medical, biological and environmental effects of the two major compounds of this fraction (α-and β-pinenes) have been discussed. Key words:Spirits of turpentine, α-pinene, β-pinene Received: July 1, 2009. Accepted : September 28, 2009. Address reprint request to B. Mercier, UPRES EA 4183 "Lipides & Signalisation Cellulaire", Faculté des Sciences de la Vie, Université de Bourgogne 6, Boulevard Gabriel, F-21000 Dijon (e-mail: beamercier@laposte.net). ORIGIN OF TURPENTINEThe term "essential oil of turpentine" designates the terpenic oil, obtained by hydrodistillation of the gem pine. It is also named the "spirits of turpentine", "pine tree terpenic", "pine oleoresin", "gum turpentine", "terpenes oil" or "turpentine from Bordeaux". Due to its pleasant fragrance, the terpenic oil is used in the pharmaceutical industry, perfume industry, food additives and other chemical industries (household cleaning products, paintings, varnishes, rubber, insecticides, etc.) [1]. TRADITIONAL MEDICINE AND TURPENTINEThe eminent doctors of antiquity, Hippocrates, Dioscoride or Galien, used the terpenic oil for its properties against lung diseases and biliary lithiasis. In France, Thillenius, Pitcairn, Récamier and Martinet recommended it against the blennorrhoea and cystitis. Chaumeton, Peschiez, Kennedi, Mérat prescribed it against the neuralgias. It was also used in the treatment of rheumatism, sciatica, nephritis, drop, constipation and mercury salivation. Those scientists also recognized that the terpenic oil may be a booster at an average dose and may have a paralyzing activity at high doses. In Germany, (Rowachol and Rowatinex), Slovenia (Uroterp) and Poland (Terpichol and Terpinex), the traditional drugs for renal and hepatic diseases (especially against cholesterol stones in the gall bladder and the bile duct) contain α-and β-pinenes [2]. Modern phytotherapy describes the following properties of the terpenic oil: antiparasitic, analgesic, revulsive, disinfectant (external use); balsamic, active on bronchial secretion and pulmonary and genito-urinary tract infections, haemostatic, dissolving gallstones, diuretic, antispasmodic, antirheumatic, deworming, being an antidote for poisonings caused by phosphorus [3] and improving the ciliary and secretory activity in patients who present chronic obstructive bronchitis (internal use ) [4]. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THE VOLATILE TURPENTINE FRACTIONThe most volatile components of turpentine are two terpenes: alpha (α) and beta (β) pinenes. They are the dominant odorous compounds emitted by trees, shrubs, flowers and grasses [25]. In the lower troposphere, and depending on the weather conditions at the top of the trees, these compounds can react with OH° radicals, ozone, NO 3 radical and O 2 . Indeed, the electric field in the canopy at...

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Section: R E V I E W P a P E R S Ijomeh 2009;22(4) 335mentioning

confidence: 99%

The essential oil of turpentine and its major volatile fraction (α- and β-pinenes): a review

Mercier¹,

Prost²,

Prost³

2009

International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health

153

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“…Although the above simple approximation does not consider monoterpene loss or the extent of air mixing in the greenhouse, these results suggest that the monoterpene concentration greatly depends on the ventilation conditions in the greenhouse. Limonene and α -and β -pinene in concentrations of ppmv and sub-ppmv have been reported to cause eye, nose and throat irritation 5,6) . Wolkoff et al 7) proposed that the TLV, air quality guideline and human sensory irritation threshold for α -pinene should be 63, 1.6 and 3.6 ppmv, respectively.…”

Section: Estimated Effects Of Monoterpenes In Greenhouses On Workersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Wolkoff et al 7) proposed a threshold limit value (TLV) and human sensory irritation threshold for α -pinene of 63 and 3.6 ppmv, respectively. At higher concentrations above 3,000 ppmv, these compounds caused mortality in rat and mouse 6) . On the other hand, monoterpenes showed inhibitory effects against chemically induced mammary, lung, and forestomach tumors in rats and mice when added at concentrations of 5−95% to the diet fed to these animals during the initiation and promotion stages of the tumors 8) .…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Inhalation of essential oils increases sleeping time, relieves tension, decreases symptoms associated with anxiety and stress, and plays a significant role in regulating the central nervous system 4) . However, at higher concentrations, e.g., several tens parts per million in volume [ppmv], monoterpenes caused eye, nose and throat irritation 5,6) . Wolkoff et al 7) proposed a threshold limit value (TLV) and human sensory irritation threshold for α -pinene of 63 and 3.6 ppmv, respectively.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Workplace Concentrations and Exposure Assessment of Monoterpenes in Rosemary‐ and Lavender‐growing Greenhouses

Tani

Nozoe

2012

Journal of Occupational Health

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Workplace Concentrations and Exposure Assessment of Monoterpenes in Rosemary‐ and Lavender‐growing Greenhouses: Akira TANI, et al. Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka— Objectives Monoterpenes can positively or negatively affect human health depending on their concentrations. To assess the atmospheric risk for greenhouse workers, monoterpene concentrations and personal exposure in herb‐growing greenhouses were measured. Methods Monoterpene concentrations in a commercial greenhouse, where rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) and lavender (Lavandula angustifolia L.) were grown in pots, were measured every 4 hours on 11 days spread across a year. In a small experimental greenhouse, typical horticultural tasks were conducted to determine the factors increasing monoterpene concentrations. Results Concentrations of α‐pinene, camphene, β‐pinene, limonene and cineole in the farmer's greenhouse were higher in winter than in summer because of longer ventilation periods of the greenhouse in summer. Further, the concentrations of these compounds were high (but <2 parts per billion in volume [ppbv]) when horticultural tasks were conducted inside the greenhouse. In a small experimental greenhouse, moving pots and cutting shoots increased ambient monoterpene concentrations to 10 ppbv. Spraying water also increased monoterpene concentrations but to a lesser extent. When performing tasks, greenhouse workers were exposed to monoterpene concentrations 2−3 times higher than the concentration in the ambient greenhouse air. Conclusions Our measurement results reveal that monoterpene emissions are stimulated by horticultural tasks, even by spraying water. Our calculation result suggests that if ventilation is limited, the concentrations can reach levels high enough to cause sensory irritation in greenhouse workers. Greenhouse workers should be cautious when performing tasks for hours in tightly closed herb‐growing greenhouses.

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“…Monoterpenes (C 10 H 16 ) such as α-pinene and d-limonene are biogenic in origin and are also found in cleaners, fragrances, and other consumer products; these 2 terpenes in particular have been measured in indoor air at concentrations of 0.1-21 ppb and 0.05-13 ppb, respectively (Holcomb and Seabrook 1995). However, peak concentrations can exceed 500 ppb through cleaning or other activities, since the odor thresholds of pinene and limonene are 700 and 449 ppb, respectively (Mølhave et al 2000), and these chemicals can often be detected indoors in the form of a pine or lemon scent. Isoprene (C 5 H 8 ; a hemiterpene) is a bioeffluent and is present in human exhaled breath at 12-580 ppb (Fenske and Paulson 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Generation and Quantification of Ultrafine Particles through Terpene/Ozone Reaction in a Chamber Setting

Rohr

Weschler

Koutrakis³

et al. 2003

Aerosol Science and Technology

110

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Terpene/ozone reactions produce gas-and condensed-phase products and thus contribute to both indoor and outdoor aerosol. These reactions may be important in indoor settings, where terpenes are generated from indoor sources and ambient ozone can reach significant levels. Moreover, airway irritation has been observed in mice exposed to terpene oxidation products (OPs). The aim of this study was to characterize a system for generating and quantifying ultrafine particles formed through terpene/ozone reactions in preparation for inhalation toxicology experiments. Two common monoterpenes, α-pinene and d-limonene, and a hemiterpene, isoprene, were investigated. Ozone and gas-phase terpene were introduced continuously into a reaction flow tube, from which reaction products entered a plexiglass chamber. Particle number, mass, and size distribution (∼15-750 nm) were monitored in the chamber for various reactant concentrations and air exchange rates (AERs). In all experiments, ozone was the limiting reagent and the reaction rate was much more rapid than the AER. Particles formed rapidly and in high concentrations in the pinene and limonene systems. Particle formation was slower in the isoprene system and fewer particles were formed; moreover, particle diameters were smaller. In all 3 systems, progressive growth of particles was observed due to condensation and coagulation processes. The isoprene system displayed instability with respect to aerosol characteristics and did not reach steady-state conditions. In the pinene system, ozone concentration was a strong predictor of steady-state particle number and mass concentration and particle diameter. The particle number was greater at higher AERs, but particles were smaller. This study is the first to incorporate measurement of ultrafine particles formed from terpene/ozone reactions into a controlled exposure Address correspondence to Annette C. Rohr, EPRI, 3412 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304-1395. E-mail: arohr@epri.com chamber setting. Following system characterization, we will conduct mouse exposures to further investigate the respiratory effects of gas-and particle-phase terpene OPs.

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The Eye Irritation and Odor Potencies of Four Terpenes which are Major Constituents of the Emissions of VOCs from Nordic Soft Woods

Cited by 36 publications

References 2 publications

The essential oil of turpentine and its major volatile fraction (α- and β-pinenes): a review

The essential oil of turpentine and its major volatile fraction (α- and β-pinenes): a review

Workplace Concentrations and Exposure Assessment of Monoterpenes in Rosemary‐ and Lavender‐growing Greenhouses

Generation and Quantification of Ultrafine Particles through Terpene/Ozone Reaction in a Chamber Setting

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