The eye of the beholder: Parents' views on sex of newborns.

Rubin, Jeffrey Z.; Provenzano, Frank J.; Luria, Zella

doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.1974.tb00905.x

Cited by 307 publications

(130 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Each of five traits was rated on a 5-point scale: attractive, beautiful, cute, pretty, and ugly. These traits were culled from the previous clinical and research literature (Green, 1987;Stoller, 1972Stoller, , 1975; see also Rubin et al, 1974). The slides of the three groups of girls were presented in one of two quasi-random orders, one the reverse of the other.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical attractiveness of girls with gender identity disorder

et al. 1996

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University students, masked to group status, judged the physical attractiveness of girls with gender identity disorder and clinical and normal control girls, whose photographs were taken at the time of assessment (mean age, 6.6 years). Each student made ratings for all girls for five traits: attractive, beautiful, cute, pretty, and ugly. A multivariate analysis of variance showed a significant group effect. Multiple comparisons of the significant univariate effects showed that the girls with gender identity disorder had significantly less attractive ratings than the normal control girls for the traits attractive, beautiful, and pretty who, in turn, had less attractive ratings than the clinical control girls. Girls with gender identity disorder and the normal controls also had less attractive ratings than the clinical controls for the trait cute. Correlational analyses showed that age was substantially negatively related to the attractiveness ratings in the group of girls with gender identity disorder, but was considerably less so in the two control groups. The extent to which the group differences in attractiveness were due to objective, structural differences in facial attractiveness vs. socially created, or subjective, processes is discussed.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical attractiveness of girls with gender identity disorder

et al. 1996

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“…From the moment of birth, parents treat sons and daughters differently. They describe newborn girls as soft and newborn sons as strong (Rubin, Provenzano, & Luria, 1974 ), they give more physical stimulation to male infants and talk more to female infants (Moss, 1967 ;Parke & Sawin, 1980 ), they dress girls in pink and boys in blue (Shakin, Shakin, & Sternglanz, 1985 ), they give daughters dolls and sons cars and trucks (Rheingold & Cook, 1975 ), and they decorate children ' s bedrooms according to sex (Rheingold & Cook, 1975 ). The way in which parents interact with infants and children is also guided by the child ' s gender.…”

Section: Psychological E Xplanationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex Differences in Social Behavior

Pasterski¹,

Golombok²,

Hines³

2010

The Wiley‐Blackwell Handbook of Childhood Social Development

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From an early age, boys and girls can be easily distinguished according to sex. Although this is partly due to appearance and the way in which their parents dress them and cut their hair, it is also because of the things that children do. Boys and girls like to play with different toys, prefer different games, and engage in different activities. Long before they reach school age, it is possible to tell with a reasonable degree of accuracy whether a child is a boy or a girl simply on the basis of his or her behavior. This does not mean that all boys engage in male -typical activities, or that all girls engage in female -typical activities, all of the time. There is a great deal of overlap between the sexes, with some girls seeming quite " boyish " and some boys seeming quite " girlish. " Although there is considerable variation in the behavior of children within each sex, it is generally more acceptable for girls to behave like boys than it is for boys to behave like girls. This may explain why the term tomboy used to describe masculine girls is often used endearingly, whereas sissy is a much more derogatory term when applied to feminine boys.What exactly are the differences in behavior shown by boys and girls? And how do these differences develop? These are the questions that will be addressed in this chapter. First, sex differences in social behavior will be described from the preschool to the elementary school years. This will be followed by a consideration of the various theories that have been put forward to explain this phenomenon. The sections on biological theories draw from Collaer and Hines (1995) and Hines (2004Hines ( , 2009 , whereas those on psychological theories draw from Golombok and Fivush (1994) . As will be seen, some theories have greater empirical support than others. Following Maccoby (1988) , the terms sex and gender will be used interchangeably throughout the chapter without any assumption that sex implies biological causes or that gender results from socialization.

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“…Un tel choix affaiblit beaucoup, selon nous, la portée des résul-tats puisque, dans la réalité, les garçons deviennent généralement plus forts, plus grands et plus vigoureux que les filles. Si Rubin et al (1974) ne réus-sissent pas à prouver l'impact des stéréotypes sexuels des parents sur la socialisation des enfants, ils démontrent, par contre, que les pères ont une plus forte tendance aux stéréotypes que les mères. Une fois de plus, le rôle du père émerge comme une variable importante dans le développement psychosexuel de l'enfant; cette variable mérite sûrement d'être explorée plus à fond.…”

Section: Attachement Et Identificationunclassified

Remarques sur les origines de l’identité sexuelle

Steinberg¹

2006

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En dépit d'une abondante littérature comprenant au moins trois grands courants théoriques et malgré une multitude d'observations cliniques et de recherches expérimentales, la compréhension du développement psychosexuel est encore plus ou moins confuse et demeure l'objet d'un fort débat. Le présent article tente de clarifier la terminologie utilisée à ce sujet et de faire le point sur les principaux aspects de cette polémique. Il y a grand besoin, selon nous, de formuler un scheme explicatif global qui soit plus compréhensif et de bâtir des instruments de mesure objectifs plus raffinés, surtout en ce qui concerne les enfants.In spite of an abundant literature, comprising at least three major theoretical schools, and notwithstanding a multitude of clinical studies and experimental works, the understanding of psychosexual development is still more or less confused and the subject of heated debate. This article attempts to clarify the terminology used in this area and to highlight the principal aspects of this controversial question. There is an important need, in our opinion, to formulate a more comprehensive, global explanatory schema and to construct more refined objective measurement instruments, particularly with regard to children

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The eye of the beholder: Parents' views on sex of newborns.

Cited by 307 publications

References 9 publications

Physical attractiveness of girls with gender identity disorder

Physical attractiveness of girls with gender identity disorder

Sex Differences in Social Behavior

Remarques sur les origines de l’identité sexuelle

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