The facialis musculature of the orang, Simia satyrus

Abstract

S I X FIGURESThrough the courtesy of Rlr. Winkleman and Doctor Dwight of the Madisoil Zoo we had an opportunity to dissect the facial muscles of an orang. In the course of the work it was neccssary to translate tlie work of Ruge on the gorilla and that of Vircliow on the chimpanzee. As there is but little on these animals in tlie English and American journals, it seems desirable t o include rather full abstracts of their works. This makes them more accessible and gives a background to our description of the orang. To them we are indebted f o r the information on the gorilla and chimpanzee unless tlie contrary is indicated in the text.Ruge's description of the muscles of the gorilla is in great detail, and would be spoiled if cut to the usual length of an abstract. With this in mind, we have taken over as much of his work as seemed necessary to maintain his meaning. One cannot work in this field without feeling under deep obligations to Ruge.Virchow's monograph on the Chimpanzee, fully illustrated, is a good example of a clear description of a complex organization and lends itself more readily to abstracting.A recent paper by Sorintag gives additional information on the chimpanzee.

On the origin, homologies and evolution of primate facial muscles, with a particular focus on hominoids and a suggested unifying nomenclature for the facial muscles of the Mammalia

“…8) but the auricularis posterior is normally not differentiated in the Ponginae (e.g. Sullivan & Osgood, 1925; Lightoller, 1928a; Miller, 1952; Table 1), although it has been described in a few members of this latter subfamily (see, e.g. Winkler, 1989).…”

“…Regarding the Ponginae, according to many assessments (e.g. Sonntag, 1924a; Sullivan & Osgood, 1925; Lightoller, 1928a; Huber, 1930b; Winkler, 1989: Gibbs, 1999; Gibbs et al. 2002), these apes lacks a ‘risorius’ but Seiler (1971d) reported it to be present.…”

“…(2002) suggest that, although some individuals have a ‘risorius’, this structure is not completely differentiated from muscles such as the platysma myoides. Sullivan & Osgood (1925) described an ‘upper bundle of the platysma’ in common chimpanzees, which, according to them, corresponds to the ‘true’ risorius of humans. In their work on the facial muscles of chimpanzees, Burrows et al.…”

“…Regarding the Ponginae, according to many assessments (e.g. Sonntag, 1924a;Sullivan & Osgood, 1925;Lightoller, 1928a;Huber, 1930b;Winkler, 1989: Gibbs, 1999Gibbs et al 2002), these apes lacks a 'risorius' but Seiler (1971d) reported it to be present. Seiler (1971d), as well as authors such as Chudzinski (1885), Huber (1930bHuber ( , 1931, Raven (1950), Gibbs (1999) and Gibbs et al (2002), did also report the presence of a 'risorius' in gorillas.…”

“…Many anatomical works have provided information about the facial muscles of primates, particularly in the 19th century and the first three quarters of the 20th century (e.g. Owen, 1830Owen, -1831Duvernoy, 1855Duvernoy, -1856Wilder, 1862;Gratiolet & Alix, 1866;Broca, 1869;Bischoff, 1870Bischoff, , 1880MacAlister, 1871;Champneys, 1872;Murie & Mivart, 1872;Sirena, 1876;Sutton, 1883;Chudzinski, 1885;Deniker, 1885;Ruge, 1885Ruge, , 1887aRuge, ,b, 1890Ruge, , 1897Ruge, , 1910Ruge, , 1911Le Double, 1897;Sperino, 1897;Zuckerlkandl, 1900;Sommer, 1907;Polak, 1908;Virchow, 1915;Sonntag, 1923Sonntag, , 1924aLightoller, 1925Lightoller, , 1928aLightoller, ,b, 1934Lightoller, , 1939Lightoller, , 1940aLightoller, ,b, 1942Sullivan & Osgood, 1925;Woollard, 1925;Schreiber, 1928;Huber, 1930aHuber, ,b, 1931Huber, , 1933Loth, 1931;Edgeworth, 1935;Miller, 1952;…”